Olfaction plays an important role in sexual maturation and behaviour in the animal kingdom. Evidence that it has the same importance in man is far less convincing and frequently dogged by such anecdotes as the role of pheromones in synchronizing menstrual cyclicity in convents and all-girl schools. Sexual immaturity and defective olfaction do however coexist as an inherited disorder in man (Kallmann's syndrome: Kallmann, Schoenfeld & Barrera, 1944; DeMorsier, 1954; White, Rogol, Brown et al. 1983; Hermanussen & Sippell, 1985; Chaussain, Toublanc, Feingold et al. 1988) and for many years the biological basis of these defects remained enigmatic. Recently, the interrelationship between sexual development and absence of olfaction has been clarified in three mammals: mouse, macaque and man.
A neurobiological basis of hypogonadism and anosmia was first suggested by elegant immunohistochemical studies conducted by Schwanzel-Fukuda & Pfaff (1989a). In the mature mouse, nerve cells that produce
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