Transcription initiation in the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene is complex, involving multiple sites in two exons. While most transcripts are initiated in exon 1 in vivo, critical regulatory mechanisms are difficult to assess in intact animals. To examine the impact of insulin and growth hormone (GH) under more controlled conditions, we have studied the utilization of different exon 1 and exon 2 transcription-initiation sites in normal rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Normal rat hepatocytes were cultured for 48 h in serum-free medium, with insulin at 10−6 or 10−11 m, and with or without human GH 200 ng/ml. Relative abundance of IGF-I transcripts was evaluated by the RNase-protection assay, using a probe which permitted identification of initiation in exon 1 (site 1 (−380 bp from the 3′ end of exon 1), site 2 (−343 bp), site 3 (−242 bp), sites 1 and 2 spliced, and site 4 (−32 bp)), as well as in exon 2. After normalization of signal intensity to adjust for differences in length of protected probe, the utilization of initiation sites in vitro was remarkably similar to that in vivo: 1, 14, 6, 23, 19 and 37% for sites 1, 2, 3, 1 and 2 spliced, 4 and exon 2 respectively in the cultured hepatocytes, compared with 1, 12, 8, 21, 18 and 40% for these sites in normal liver. Insulin alone increased transcripts initiated from exon 1, site 2 by over 3 times, and both sites 1 and 2 spliced and exon 2 transcripts by about 5 times. GH alone had similar effects, producing a 4–5 times increase in transcripts from these initiation sites. Addition of both insulin and GH had additive effects, increasing transcripts from exon 1, sites 2, 3 and 4 by 4–6 times, and from exon 1, sites 1 and 2 spliced, and exon 2 by over 8 times. Of the total IGF-I mRNA transcripts, 37% were initiated from sites 2 and/or sites 1 and 2 spliced, and 37% from exon 2. Analysis of the relative contribution of individual initiation sites revealed hormone-induced increases which were statistically significant only for exon 2, in the presence of insulin alone and in combination with GH.
In conclusion, in cultured hepatocytes, insulin or GH alone produced a coordinated increase in all exon 1 transcripts, and the effect of the combination of insulin and GH was additive for these transcripts. Exon 2 appeared to be more sensitive to insulin alone, and to GH in the presence of insulin, than exon 1. Since utilization of initiation sites in hepatocytes mimics that found in liver, this in vitro system should be useful for examining underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.
Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 151, 215–223
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