The effects of GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 on markers of bone turnover: a review of the gut–bone axis

in Journal of Endocrinology
Authors:
Miriam Longo Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
Department of Life Science, Health and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Rome, Italy

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David S Mathiesen Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Lærke S Gasbjerg Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Katherine Esposito Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy

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Asger B Lund Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2495-5034

Correspondence should be addressed to M Longo: miriam.longo@unicampania.it or to F K Knop: filip.krag.knop@regionh.dk

This paper forms part of a special collection on incretins. The guest editors for this collection were Timo Müller and Erin Mulvihill.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-24-0231
Volume/Issue:
Volume 265: Issue 2
Article Type:
Review Article
Article ID:
e240231
Online Publication Date:
26 Mar 2025
Copyright:
© the author(s) 2025
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Bone is a dynamic tissue continuously undergoing remodeling processes of resorption and formation to maintain bone mass and health. Food intake and the release of the gut-derived incretin hormones, including glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and its ‘sister hormone’ glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), appear to regulate bone turnover processes in the postprandial state as part of the so-called gut–bone axis. The effects of these gut hormones on bone metabolism depend on their circulating concentrations. While at physiological concentrations, elicited by nutrient intake, GIP seems to be the main contributor to postprandial bone resorption; supraphysiological concentrations of gut hormones induce more potent and robust antiresorptive effects. This review provides an overview of the literature describing the role of gut-derived hormones in the regulation and maintenance of bone tissue. In addition, we describe the effects of gut hormone-based treatment modalities on bone health and discuss the potential of gut hormone-based strategies for the treatment of bone disorders in the future.

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Print ISSN:
0022-0795
Online ISSN:
1479-6805
Copyright:
© the author(s) 2025
Article ID:
e240231
Article Type:
Review Article
Received Date:
01 Aug 2024
Rev-recd:
05 Feb 2025
Accepted Date:
10 Mar 2025
Print Publication Date:
01 May 2025
Online Publication Date:
26 Mar 2025
Keywords:
bone; GIP; GLP-1; GLP-2; CTX; PINP

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