The transition of the mammary gland from the quiescent state of pregnancy to the secretory state characteristic of lactation requires the presence of several hormones. Thus, when lactogenesis in rats or mice is monitored by increases of mammary lactose or casein, or of biosynthetic enzymes such as lactose synthetase, it shows a minimum requirement for prolactin and corticosteroid. Cultured mammary explants from pregnant mice undergo similar changes when given a minimum hormonal supplement of insulin, prolactin and a corticosteroid (for review see Denamur, 1971). The insulin is required in vitro at high concentrations (about 50 mu./ml) and apparently stimulates a wave of cell division from which the daughter cells undergo 'functional differentiation' in the presence of the other two hormones (for review see Topper, 1968, 1970). Lactogenesis in vivo is accompanied or preceded by active mitosis according to some authors (Jeffers, 1935; Baldwin & Milligan, 1966) but not according to
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