*Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham, and †Department of Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX
(Received 8 August 1975)
Page
Introduction 299
Gastrin and cholecystokinin 300
Chemistry of gastrin 300
Chemistry of cholecystokinin 302
Phylogenetic relationships between CCK and gastrin 302
Caerulein 303
Structure-activity relationships 303
Physiological actions 304
Metabolism 305
Regulation of secretion 306
Page
Secretin-glucagon family 306
Chemistry 306
Phylogenetic relationships 307
Biological actions 308
Structure-activity relationships 309
Regulation of secretion 310
Functional interactions 310
The sources of the hormones 313
Characterization of cell types 314
The APUD concept 316
The lower vertebrates and the protochordates 316
References 318
The discovery by Bayliss & Starling (1902) of the hormonal regulation of pancreatic secretion has rightly been regarded as a major landmark in the development of endocrinology, yet for many years thereafter the study of gastrointestinal hormones was unduly neglected, except in
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