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Adam Hagg School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Eliza O’Shea School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Craig A Harrison Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

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Kelly L Walton School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia

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Although originally characterised as proteins involved in the control of reproductive function, activins, and to a lesser degree inhibins, are also important regulators of homeostasis in extragonadal tissues. Accordingly, disrupted inhibin/activin expression can have detrimental effects not only on fertility and fecundity but also on the regulation of muscle, fat and bone mass. Indeed, only recently, two complementary mouse models of inhibin designed to lack bioactivity/responsiveness revealed that inhibin A/B deficiency during pregnancy restricts embryo and fetal survival. Conversely, hyper-elevated levels of activin A/B, as are frequently observed in patients with advanced cancers, can not only promote gonadal tumour growth but also cancer cachexia. As such, it is not surprising that inhibin/activin genetic variations or altered circulating levels have been linked to reproductive disorders and cancer. Whilst some of the detrimental health effects associated with disrupted inhibin/activin levels can be attributed to accompanied changes in circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, there is now abundant evidence that activins, in particular, have fundamental FSH-independent tissue homeostatic roles. Increased understanding of inhibin/activin activity, garnered over several decades, has enabled the development of targeted therapies with applications for both reproductive and extra-gonadal tissues. Inhibin- or activin-targeted technologies have been shown not just to enhance fertility and fecundity but also to reduce disease severity in models of cancer cachexia. Excitingly, these technologies are likely to benefit human medicine and be highly valuable to animal breeding and veterinary programmes.

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K David Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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V Dubois Basic and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, UGent, Ghent, Belgium

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A Verhulst Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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V Sommers Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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D Schollaert Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven

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L Deboel Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven

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K Moermans Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven

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G Carmeliet Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven

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P D’Haese Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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D Vanderschueren Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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F Claessens Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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P Evenepoel Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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B Decallonne Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience bone loss and arterial calcifications. It is unclear if hypogonadism contributes to the development of these complications and whether androgen therapy might prevent them. Male adult rats were randomized into four groups. The first group received standard chow (control), while three other groups were fed a 0.25% adenine/low vitamin K diet (CKD). Two CKD groups were treated with testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), whereas the control group and one CKD group received vehicle (VEH). CKD animals had 10-fold higher serum creatinine and more than 15-fold higher parathyroid hormone levels compared to controls. Serum testosterone levels were more than two-fold lower in the CKDVEH group compared to control + VEH and CKD + testosterone groups. Seminal vesicle weight was reduced by 50% in CKDVEH animals and restored by testosterone and DHT. CKD animals showed a low bone mass phenotype with decreased trabecular bone volume fraction and increased cortical porosity, which was not rescued by androgen treatment. Aortic calcification was much more prominent in CKD animals and not unequivocally prevented by androgens. Messenger RNA expression of the androgen receptor-responsive genes Acta1 and Col1a1 was reduced by CKD and stimulated by androgen treatment in levator ani muscle but not in the bone or aortic tissue. We conclude that adenine-induced CKD results in the development of hypogonadism in male rats. Androgen therapy is effective in restoring serum testosterone levels and androgen-sensitive organ weights but does not prevent bone loss or arterial calcifications, at least not in the presence of severe hyperparathyroidism.

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Emma J Hamilton Medical School, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

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Stephen M Twigg Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, the Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Diabetes-related foot disease (DFD), defined as ulceration, infection or destruction of tissues of the foot in a person with current or previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, is associated with a heavy burden for both patients and the healthcare system with high morbidity, mortality and costs. Improved outcomes for people with DFD are achieved with an interdisciplinary approach and adherence to best practice clinical guidelines; however, in the Australian context, the vastness of the country presents unique challenges in achieving optimal outcomes for all people with DFD, with variation in service delivery, availability and accessibility between metropolitan, rural and remote areas. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and people with diabetes living in rural and remote areas experience higher rates of lower-extremity amputation, and further efforts and resources are required to improve outcomes for these high-risk groups. In recent years, there have been advances in knowledge, including the understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetes-related peripheral neuropathy, genetic polymorphisms and mechanisms of disease associated with acute Charcot neuroarthropathy, biomarkers and potential mediators of diabetes-related foot ulcer (DFU) healing, the microbiology and microbiome profile of DFUs, pressure assessment and management as well as an expanded understanding of DFU sequelae and comorbidities. In this review, we describe new insights into pathophysiology, sequelae and comorbidities of DFD with a focus on basic and translational aspects and contributions to the field from Australian and New Zealand DFD researchers.

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Sunita M C De Sousa Endocrine & Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
South Australian Adult Genetics Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Nèle F Lenders Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Lydia S Lamb Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Warrick J Inder Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
Academy for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Ann McCormack Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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‘Pituitary tumours’ is an umbrella term for various tumours originating from different regions of the hypothalamic–pituitary system. The vast majority of pituitary tumours are pituitary adenomas, also recently referred to as pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. The prevalence of clinically relevant pituitary adenomas is approximately 1 in 1000; other pituitary tumours such as craniopharyngioma and pituicytoma are comparatively very rare. This review addresses the molecular and genetic aspects of pituitary adenomas. We first discuss the germline genetic variants underlying familial pituitary tumours, which account for approximately 5% of all pituitary adenoma cases. This includes variants in established pituitary adenoma/hyperplasia predisposition genes (MEN1, PRKAR1A, AIP, CDKN1B, GPR101, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SDHAF2) as well as emerging genetic associations. In addition, we discuss McCune–Albright syndrome which lies between the germline and somatic pituitary tumour genes as the causative GNAS mutations are postzygotic rather than being inherited, and the condition is associated with multiglandular features due to the involvement of different cell lines rather than being limited to the pituitary. By contrast, somatic GNAS mutations contribute to sporadic acromegaly. USP8 is the only other gene where somatic driver mutations have been established in sporadic pituitary tumorigenesis. However, there are now known to be a variety of other somatic genetic and molecular changes underpinning sporadic pituitary adenomas which we review here, namely: copy number variation, molecular changes in signalling and hypoxia pathways, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, DNA repair, senescence, the immune microenvironment and epigenetics.

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Chau Thien Tay Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia

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Rhonda Garrad Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

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Aya Mousa Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

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Mahnaz Bahri Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

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Anju Joham Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia

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Helena Teede Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Victoria, Australia

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 8–13% of reproductive-aged women, impacts biopsychosocial factors and creates a significant health-related economic burden across the reproductive, metabolic and psychological spectrum of complications. Despite being a heterogenous condition, recent genomic studies indicate that PCOS, regardless of diagnostic criteria and clinical features, shares similar underlying biologic mechanisms. However, recent advances have shown that clinical reproductive and diagnostic features are poorly correlated to genotypes and do not represent true phenotypes. Until we have a better understanding of genetic and epigenetic influences on PCOS and long-term outcomes, targeted treatment is limited.

In the interim, a unified approach to integrate evidence, optimise management and guide future research in PCOS is necessary. This has motivated an international collaboration to develop an International Evidence-Based PCOS Guideline to improve health outcomes in women with PCOS. Dissemination and translation of the guideline into health policy and clinical practice are crucial steps to close the knowledge–-practice gap, guide future research and enhance positive impact on the health of women with PCOS.

Here, we review the (i) understanding of aetiology and genetics of PCOS; (ii) development and translation efforts of the 2018 International Evidence-based PCOS Guideline; (iii) current progress and plans for the guideline update, including the involvement of an early career researcher network to assist with evidence synthesis and (iv) the opportunity to target and guide future research for PCOS.

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Virginia L Pszczolkowski Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Endocrinologh and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Meghan K Connelly Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Vita Plus Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Adam D Beard Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Endocrinologh and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Amara D Benn Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Jimena Laporta Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Endocrinologh and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Laura L Hernandez Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Endocrinologh and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Sebastian I Arriola Apelo Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Endocrinologh and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Energy partitioning in lactating cows affects milk production, feed efficiency, and body reserves, with the latter having health implications for the transition into the following lactation. One molecule likely involved in the regulation of energy partitioning is serotonin. The objective of this experiment was to explore how increasing circulating serotonin, by intravenous infusion of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), affects metabolic responses to a glucose challenge in midlactation cows as a means to manipulate energy partitioning. We intravenously infused Holstein cows with 5-HTP (1 mg/kg bodyweight dissolved in saline, n = 11) or saline alone as control (n = 9) over 1 h/day for 3 days. Cows were fasted overnight on day 2. On day 3, fasted cows were given an intravenous bolus of glucose (0.092 g/kg bodyweight). Blood samples were collected for the following 120 min for metabolic and hormonal analysis. Infusion of 5-HTP elevated circulating concentrations of serotonin and free fatty acids, reduced the concentration of insulin and amino acids, and did not affect the concentration of glucose and glucagon before the glucose challenge. Surrogate insulin sensitivity indices indicated improved insulin sensitivity in 5-HTP cows, but due to the unique metabolism of lactating ruminants, these index changes may instead reflect effects in insulin-independent glucose disposal, like milk synthesis. Challenging 5-HTP-treated cows with a glucose bolus reduced the insulin spike and blunted the decrease in free fatty acids, compared to saline cows, without changing glucose dynamics. Overall, these results suggest that serotonin stimulates insulin-independent glucose disposal, requiring less insulin to maintain normoglycemia.

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Hikari Hirakida Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Taiga Okumura Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Ryosuke Fujita Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Yoshiki Kuse Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Takahiro Mizoguchi Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Satoshi Inagaki Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Shinsuke Nakamura Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Masamitsu Shimazawa Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
Lab. of Collaborative Research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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Hideaki Hara Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
Lab. of Collaborative Research for Innovative Drug Discovery, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan

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VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a secreted polypeptide involved in metabolic regulation. VGF-derived peptides have been reported to regulate insulin secretion in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes and model mice. However, the protective effects of VGF on pancreatic β-cells in diabetic model are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the β-cell protective effect of VGF on a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model using VGF-overexpressing (OE) mice and also examined the therapeutic effect by a small molecule, SUN N8075 which is an inducer of VGF. VGF-OE mice improved blood glucose levels and maintained β-cell mass compared to wild-type (WT) mice on STZ-induced diabetic model. In addition, VGF-OE mice showed better glucose tolerance than WT mice. In culture, AQEE-30, a VGF-derived peptide, suppressed STZ-induced β-cell death in vitro and attenuated the decrease in the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β. Furthermore, SUN N8075 suppressed the blood glucose levels and increased VGF expression in the pancreatic islet. SUN N8075 also protected STZ-induced β-cell death in vitro. These findings indicate that VGF plays a hypoglycemic role in response to blood glucose levels in diabetes and protects β-cells from STZ-induced cell death. Therefore, VGF and its inducer have the therapeutic potential by preserving β-cells in diabetes.

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Renea A Taylor Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia

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Mitchell G Lawrence Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Gail P Risbridger Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Prostate Cancer Research Program, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Cabrini Institute, Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Cancer Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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There is longstanding interest in the role of androgens in the aetiology of prostate cancer, one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In this review, we reflect on the ways that knowledge of prostate development and hormone action have catalysed advances in the management of patients with prostate cancer. The use of hormone therapies to treat prostate cancer has changed significantly over time, including the emergence of androgen receptor signalling inhibitors (ARSI). These compounds have improved outcomes for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer, which was once considered ‘androgen-independent’ but is clearly still driven by androgen receptor signalling in many cases. There is also a need for new therapies to manage neuroendocrine prostate cancer, which is not responsive to hormonal agents. One of the major gaps is understanding how treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer emerges and whether it can be re-sensitised to treatment. Patient-derived models, including patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), will be instrumental in facilitating future discoveries in these areas. Developments in the use of PDXs have been fostered by lessons from the field of endocrinology, such as the role of stroma and hormones in normal and developmental tissues. Thus, there is ongoing reciprocity between the discoveries in endocrinology and advances in prostate cancer research and treatment.

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N Zlocowski Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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L d V Sosa Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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B De la Cruz-Thea Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Córdoba, Argentina

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C B Guido Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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M G Martín Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Córdoba, Argentina

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J H Mukdsi Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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A I Torres Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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J P Petiti Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Médicas (CME-FCM) - Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Interest in epigenetics has gained substantial momentum as a result of their identified role in the regulation of tumor progression as well as their ability to pharmacologically target genes. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) tend to be inactivated via epigenetic modification, and although emerging evidence has suggested a role for epigenetic factors in PitNET tumorigenesis, the degree to which these factors may be targeted by new therapeutic strategies still remains poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to examine the participation of the EZH2/H3K27me3 axis in the proliferation of lactotroph tumor cells. We demonstrated that the levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3 were increased in murine experimental prolactin (PRL) tumors with respect to a control pituitary, in contrast with the low p21 mRNA levels encountered, with an H3K27me3 enrichment being observed in its promoter region in a GH3 tumor cell. Furthermore, specific EZH2/H3K27me3 axis inhibition blocked the proliferation of primary tumor cell culture and GH3 cells, thereby making it an attractive therapeutic target for PRL PitNETs.

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Bettina Geidl-Flueck Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Switzerland

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Philipp A Gerber Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Switzerland

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Despite the existence of numerous studies supporting a pathological link between fructose consumption and the development of the metabolic syndrome and its sequelae, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), this link remains a contentious issue. With this article, we shed a light on the impact of sugar/fructose intake on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), an outcome parameter known to be dysregulated in subjects with type 2 diabetes and/or NAFLD. In this review, we present findings from human intervention studies using physiological doses of sugar as well as mechanistic animal studies. There is evidence from both human and animal studies that fructose is a more potent inducer of hepatic lipogenesis than glucose. This is most likely due to the liver’s prominent physiological role in fructose metabolism, which may be disrupted under pathological conditions by increased hepatic expression of fructolytic and lipogenic enzymes. Increased DNL may not only contribute to ectopic fat deposition (i.e. in the liver), but it may also impair several metabolic processes through DNL-related fatty acids (e.g. beta-cell function, insulin secretion, or insulin sensitivity).

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