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The concentrations of prolactin, LH, progesterone and GH were measured in the blood of broody bantam hens. The concentration of prolactin was at its highest when the birds began to incubate their eggs and in six out of nine hens it tended to remain raised until the eggs hatched. The increase in the concentration of prolactin was small: in incubating hens it was only 23% higher than in hens caring for their young and 14% higher than in laying hens (P < 0·05 for both comparisons). The concentration of GH tended to be depressed in hens caring for young but otherwise was not related to reproductive activity. The concentrations of LH and progesterone decreased at the onset of incubation and remained depressed while the hens sat on their eggs (P < 0·001 for both comparisons). After the chicks hatched, the level of LH began to increase slowly whereas the level of progesterone remained low. The hens stopped showing broody behaviour between 4 and 10 weeks after the chicks had hatched; this corresponded to the time when the concentration of LH had increased to values found in laying hens.
These observations provide some evidence that prolactin secretion increases at the onset of incubation and support the view that the hormone is not secreted at an increased rate while hens are caring for their young.
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SUMMARY
The effects of a chicken hypothalamic extract (HE) on the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone (GH) in vivo have been investigated by radioimmunoassay in the domestic fowl. Different i.v. doses of HE (0·25–25 HE equivalents/kg body weight) had no effect on GH secretion in conscious or anaesthetized cockerels. In both groups of birds the concentration of plasma prolactin was significantly increased within 10 min of administration of the extract. Extracts of other brain tissues (cerebral cortex, cerebellum and medulla oblongata) had no stimulatory effect on prolactin or GH secretion. Release of both prolactin and GH by dispersed pituitary cells and by hemipituitary glands in vitro was enhanced following incubation with HE (5 hypothalami equivalents/ml) or with single whole hypothalami respectively. Other brain tissues (cerebellum, optic lobes and medulla oblongata) had no effect on the concentration of prolactin or GH released by incubated hemipituitary glands.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones inhibit the synthesis and release of GH in avian species. This may represent a feedback mechanism, since GH enhances the peripheral production of tri-iodothyronine (T3). The possibility that GH may also have direct effects on thyroidal function was therefore investigated.
The basal and thyrotrophin-induced release of thyroxine (T4) from incubated chicken thyroid glands was not enhanced, however, in the presence of chicken GH. Contrarily, GH impaired T4 release in a dose-related way. These actions were probably mediated by specific receptors, since binding sites for radiolabelled GH were demonstrated on the plasma membranes of chicken thyroid glands. Expression of the GH receptor gene in these tissues was also demonstrated using a cRNA probe for the rabbit liver GH receptor, which specifically hybridized with RNA moieties of 4·4 kb, 2·7 kb and 1·0 kb. Moreover, reverse transcription of thyroidal RNA and its amplification in the presence of 3′- and 5′-oligonucleotide primers coding for the extracellular or intracellular domains of the GH receptor generated electrophoretically separable fragments of 500 bp and 800 bp respectively, as would be expected from analysis of the hepatic GH receptor cDNA sequence. Digestion of the 500 bp fragment with NcoI or EcoRI also produced moieties of expected size (350 bp and 150 bp or 325 bp and 175 bp respectively), as did BamHI or HaeIII digestion of the 800 bp fragment (yielding fragments of 550 bp and 275 bp or 469 bp and 337 bp respectively). Translation of the GH receptor mRNA was also indicated by the immunocytochemical demonstration of GH receptors in thyroid follicular and parafollicular cells, using a specific polyclonal antibody raised against the chicken GH-binding protein.
These results therefore provide evidence, for the first time, of GH receptor gene expression in thyroid tissue and the translation of functional GH receptors in thyroid glands. These results also demonstrate differential effects of GH on the extracellular concentrations of T3 and T4, which may permit subtle regulation within the somatotroph-thyroid axis.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 449–458
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ABSTRACT
Seasonal changes in concentrations of plasma LH, prolactin, thyroxine (T4), GH and corticosterone were measured in captive male ring doves exposed to natural lighting at latitude 56 °N. Plasma LH levels decreased steeply in autumn when the daylength fell below about 12·5 h but increased in November as the birds became short-day refractory. In comparison with plasma LH concentrations in a group of short-day refractory birds exposed to 6 h light/day from the winter solstice, plasma LH levels in birds exposed to natural lighting increased further in spring after the natural daylength reached about 12·5 h. There were no seasonal changes in plasma prolactin concentrations and plasma T4 concentrations were at their highest during December, January and February, the coldest months of the year. The seasonal fall in plasma LH levels in September was associated with a transitory increase in plasma T4, a transitory decrease in plasma corticosterone and a sustained increase in plasma GH.
It is suggested that in the ring dove, short-day refractoriness develops rapidly in November to allow the bird to breed when the opportunity arises, during the winter and early spring. The annual breeding cycle is synchronized by a short-day induced regression of the reproductive system in the autumn, the primary function of which may be to enable the birds to meet the energy requirements for the annual moult. The changes in plasma T4, corticosterone and especially of GH at this time of year are probably concerned with the control of moult or the associated changes in energy requirements.
J. Endocr. (1986) 108, 385–391
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Danone Nutricia Research, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is estimated at 14% globally, and in some countries, such as Singapore, exceeds 20%. Both women and children exposed to GDM have an increased risk of later metabolic diseases, cardiovascular disease and other health issues. Beyond lifestyle changes and pharmaceutical intervention using existing type 2 diabetes medications for expecting women, there are limited treatment options for women with GDM; targeting better outcomes of potentially affected infants is unexplored. Numerous animal models have been generated for understanding of pathological processes of GDM development and for development of treatment strategies. These models, however, suffer from limited windows of opportunity to examine risk factors and potential intervention options. By combining short-term high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) treatments before pregnancy, we have established a mouse model with marked transient gestation-specific hyperglycemia, which allows testing of nutritional and pharmacological interventions before, during and beyond pregnancy.