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Ekaterine Tskitishvili Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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Christel Pequeux Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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Carine Munaut Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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Renaud Viellevoye Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Liege, CHR de la CITADELLE, Liege, Belgium

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Michelle Nisolle Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Liege, CHR de la CITADELLE, Liege, Belgium

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Agnes Noël Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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Jean-Michel Foidart Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Development Biology and Tumor, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium

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results in various lesions in preterm and in term infants with the neuronal/axonal involvement of the cerebral white matter, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, brainstem and cerebellum ( Volpe 2001 ). Two recent clinical trials provided updated

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Sushil K Mahata VA San Diego Healthcare System Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Lab., Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

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Hong Zheng Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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Sumana Mahata Caltech Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

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Xuefei Liu Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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Kaushik P Patel Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA

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anterior pituitary in response to CRH and finally cortisol (human) or corticosterone (rodents) from the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH and (2) brainstem catecholaminergic neurons and spinal cord efferent activates the sympathetic nervous system and

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Taylor Landry East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Daniel Shookster East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Alec Chaves East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Katrina Free East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Tony Nguyen East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Hu Huang East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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J Feng Q Zhang JE Lin S Bao J Wu P Luo M 2013 Acute and long-term suppression of feeding behavior by POMC neurons in the brainstem and hypothalamus, respectively . Journal of Neuroscience 33 3624 – 3632 . ( https://doi.org/10

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Megan N Purpera
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Li Shen
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Marzieh Taghavi Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Department of Human Nutrition, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA

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Heike Münzberg
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Roy J Martin
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Susan M Hutson Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Department of Human Nutrition, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA

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Christopher D Morrison
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YH Li X Schwartz GJ 2009 Mediobasal hypothalamic leucine sensing regulates food intake through activation of a hypothalamus-brainstem circuit . Journal of Neuroscience 29 8302 – 8311 . doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1668-09.2009 . Brooks RC

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F Lucio-Oliveira Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil

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C R Franci Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil

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neurons . Nature 364 341 – 343 . doi:10.1038/364341a0 . Olson BR Freilino M Hoffman GE Stricker EM Sved AF Verbalis JG 1993 c-Fos expression in rat brain and brainstem nuclei in response to treatments that alter food intake and

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Jarrad M Scarlett Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Mailcode L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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Darren D Bowe Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Mailcode L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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Xinxia Zhu Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Mailcode L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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Ayesha K Batra Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Mailcode L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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Wilmon F Grant Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Mailcode L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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Daniel L Marks Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Mailcode L481, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA

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metabolic rate ( Baskin et al . 1999 , Cone et al . 2001 ). This occurs principally via the action of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), a peptide derived from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem

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Giulia Baldini Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Kevin D Phelan Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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of MC4R taking place in the absence of agonist. MC4R neurons localized to the brainstem and to the spinal cord signal by Gs-dependent increase of intracellular cAMP to increase energy expenditure ( Li et al. 2016 ). MC4R neurons also signal by

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F Aréchiga-Ceballos Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México
Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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E Alvarez-Salas Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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G Matamoros-Trejo Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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M I Amaya Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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C García-Luna Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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P de Gortari Neurofisiología Molecular, Escuela de Dietética y Nutrición, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (INPRFM), Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, C.P. 14370, México, Distrito Federal, México

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complications. These results indicate that central hypothyroidism may be the cause of the slightly low TH serum content found in overweight early-overfed adults. PVN TRHergic cells are innervated by ascending catecholaminergic neurons from the brainstem

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Brenton T Laing Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Khoa Do Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Tomoko Matsubara Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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David W Wert East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Michael J Avery Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Erin M Langdon Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Donghai Zheng Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, Collage of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Hu Huang Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, Collage of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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S Bao J Wu P Luo M 2013 Acute and long-term suppression of feeding behavior by POMC neurons in the brainstem and hypothalamus, respectively. Journal of Neuroscience 20 3624 – 3632 . ( doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2742-12.2013 ) Zhang

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M J F Newson Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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G R Pope Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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E M Roberts Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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S J Lolait Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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A-M O'Carroll Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (LINE), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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cerebroventricular system ( Lee et al . 2000 , Reaux et al . 2002 ), lower brainstem structures ( Reaux et al . 2002 ) and also in the anterior lobe of the pituitary where both receptor and ligand are expressed in corticotrophs ( Reaux-Le Goazigo et al . 2007

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