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Pierre-Gilles Blanchard Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Van Luu-The Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada

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catalyzed by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs). To date, 14 types of 17β-HSDs have been identified ( Peltoketo et al. 1999 , Luu-The 2001 , Mindnich et al. 2004 ). In the human, a clear substrate specificity pattern for estrogen and

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J M P Pabona Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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M C Velarde Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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Z Zeng Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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F A Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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R C M Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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Introduction Estrogen (E) control of cell proliferation is a complex process that is subject to regulation at many levels. The nuclear receptor/transcription factor estrogen receptor-α (ESR1) is the key regulatory participant, transducing E action

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A Makker Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, India
Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

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F W Bansode Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, India
Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

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V M L Srivastava Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, India
Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

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M M Singh Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, India
Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

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permeability, a non-genomic response of estrogen action, necessary for initiation of implantation and decidualization ( Laloraya et al. 1989 ). A role has been demonstrated for ovarian steroids, primarily estrogen, in the modulation of infiltration and

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Shang-Wu Shih Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Jia-Jiun Yan Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yi-Hsing Wang Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yi-Ling Tsou Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

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Ling Chiu Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yung-Che Tseng Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

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Ming-Yi Chou Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Pung-Pung Hwang Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

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& Hwang 2017 , Yan & Hwang 2019 ). Interestingly, several receptors with undiscovered ligands, known as orphan receptors, may affect body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis. Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), which principally include ERRα, ERRβ, and

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Josephine F Trott Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Katherine C Horigan Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Julia M Gloviczki Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Kristen M Costa Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Bradley A Freking Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Chantal Farmer Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Kanako Hayashi Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Thomas Spencer Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Joseph E Morabito Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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Russell C Hovey Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA

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-late pregnancy and is expressed throughout lactation ( Iwasaka et al . 2000 ). Along these lines, precocious lactogenesis in neonatally-estrogenized nulliparous female mice coincides with elevated expression of PRL mRNA in the mammary gland ( Hovey et al

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Denis Stygar Division for Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Q2:08, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Britt Masironi Division for Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Q2:08, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Håkan Eriksson Division for Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Q2:08, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Lena Sahlin Division for Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Q2:08, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Introduction Estrogens play an important role in many normal and pathological conditions associated with leukocyte infiltration. These conditions include dynamic changes in the female reproductive tract as well as autoimmune and

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H Valimaa
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S Savolainen
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T Soukka
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P Silvoniemi
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S Makela
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H Kujari
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JA Gustafsson
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M Laine
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Many studies have shown that the oral mucosa and salivary glands are sensitive to estrogen action. However, the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) within these tissues is an area of controversy. ERs exist as two subtypes (ERalpha and ERbeta), and we hypothesized that the incongruity between ER expression and estrogen sensitivity may result from differential expression of ER subtypes in oral tissues. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed oral mucosal and salivary gland samples for ERalpha and ERbeta protein expression by immunohistochemistry from a cross-section of patients attending hospital for surgical problems of the head and neck. ERalpha was not detected in oral buccal and gingival epithelium or in salivary glands. In contrast, ERbeta was widely expressed at high levels in all oral tissues studied. Within these tissues, ERbeta was observed primarily in keratinocytes and salivary gland acinar and ductal cells. Our results demonstrating the expression of only the ERbeta subtype within oral tissues may explain the contradictory results from previous studies investigating ER expression in these tissues. Importantly, these results suggest that estrogens may act via ERbeta in oral tissues and explain the effect of hormonal changes on the oral mucosa as well as on saliva secretion and composition.

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Tatiane da Silva Faria Urogenital Research Unit-UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, FCM, Terreo, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Flávia de Bittencourt Brasil Urogenital Research Unit-UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, FCM, Terreo, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Francisco J B Sampaio Urogenital Research Unit-UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, FCM, Terreo, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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Cristiane da Fonte Ramos Urogenital Research Unit-UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenue 28 de Setembro, 87, Fundos, FCM, Terreo, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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growth and differentiation of reproductive tissues and in the maintenance of fertility. The biological actions of estrogens are mediated by binding to one of the two specific estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα or ERβ, which belong to the nuclear receptor

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Marina Komrakova
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Carsten Werner Department of Trauma Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany

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Michael Wicke Department of Trauma Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany

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Ba Tiep Nguyen Department of Trauma Surgery and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany

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Stephan Sehmisch
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Mohammad Tezval
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Klaus Michael Stuermer
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Ewa Klara Stuermer
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Introduction Today it is still unclear which role the skeletal muscle plays in the main problem of osteoporosis, the traumatic event (fall), the osteoporotic fracture, and its healing process. A decline in estrogen production at menopause is

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M Tena-Sempere
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J Navarro
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L Pinilla
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LC Gonzalez
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I Huhtaniemi
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E Aguilar
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The biological actions of estrogens on target cells are mediated by two nuclear receptors: the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and the recently characterized ER beta. In the male rat, the physiological role of estrogens involves multiple actions, from masculinization of brain areas related to reproductive function and sexual behavior to regulation of testicular development and function. Paradoxically, however, administration of high doses of estrogen during the critical period of neonatal differentiation results in an array of defects in the reproductive axis that permanently disrupt male fertility. The focus of this study was to characterize the effects and mechanism(s) of action of neonatal estrogenization on the pattern of testicular ER alpha and beta gene expression during postnatal development. To this end, groups of male rats were treated at day 1 of age with estradiol benzoate (500 microg/rat), and testicular ER alpha and ER beta mRNA levels were assayed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR from the neonatal period until puberty (days 1-45 of age). Furthermore, the expression of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA was evaluated, given the partially overlapping pattern of tissue distribution of ER alpha, ER beta and AR messages in the developing rat testis. In addition, potential mechanisms for neonatal estrogen action were explored. Thus, to discriminate between direct effects and indirect actions through estrogen-induced suppression of serum gonadotropins, the effects of neonatal estrogenization were compared with those induced by blockade of gonadotropin secretion with a potent LHRH antagonist in the neonatal period. Our results indicate that neonatal exposure to estrogen differentially alters testicular expression of alpha and beta ER messages: ER alpha mRNA levels, as well as those of AR, were significantly decreased, whereas relative and total expression levels of ER beta mRNA increased during postnatal/prepubertal development after neonatal estrogen exposure, a phenomenon that was not mimicked by LHRH antagonist treatment. It is concluded that the effect of estrogen on the expression levels of ER alpha and beta mRNAs probably involves a direct action on the developing testis, and cannot be attributed to estrogen-induced suppression of gonadotropin secretion during the neonatal period.

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