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Hitoshi Ozawa Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan

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Fang Han Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan

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Mitsuhiro Kawata Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan

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Introduction Since the introduction of immunocytochemistry, various anterior pituitary hormone-producing cells have been classified into subtypes based on the size of secretory granules and the development of cell organelles ( Nogami

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Bernard Khoo Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK

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Tricia Mei-Mei Tan Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK

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regain ( King et al. 2019 ). As a result, there is still an unmet need for other approaches to the treatment of obesity and associated T2D. The gut hormones, led by GLP-1, have emerged over the past few years as a potential answer to this need. This

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Richard C Lindsey Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Catrina Godwin Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Subburaman Mohan Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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have shown that there is a crucial prepubertal growth period in mice during which serum thyroid levels rise; during this period, TH has a greater effect on skeletal development than growth hormone and is required for the epiphyseal ossification which

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Z Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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P H Bisschop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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E Foppen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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H C van Beeren Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A Kalsbeek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Thyroid hormone (TH) is a major determinant of basal metabolic rate as well as glucose and lipid metabolism ( Mullur et al . 2014 , Sinha et al . 2014 ). A number of recent studies have shown that in addition to the well

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J Naufahu Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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F Alzaid Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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M Fiuza Brito Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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B Doslikova Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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T Valencia Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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A Cunliffe Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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J F Murray Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK

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Introduction Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an orexigenic neuropeptide; rodent studies indicate it has multiple and diverse physiologic functions including a key role in the central control of energy metabolism. Intracerebroventricular

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S. L. JEFFCOATE
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H. M. FRASER
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A. GUNN
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N. WHITE
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The ability to assay small amounts of the peptide releasing hormones in biological fluids would aid greatly in the assessment of hypothalamic function. We have recently described a specific radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) (Jeffcoate, Fraser, Gunn & Holland, 1973a, b) and in this study we report a radioimmunoassay for the tripeptide, thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH).

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (2 mg) was conjugated to 10 mg bovine serum albumin in borate buffer pH 9·0 by the bis-diazotized benzidene method (Bassiri & Utiger, 1972 a). After 2 h at 5 °C the mixture was dialysed against distilled water for 48 h and against 0·15 m-NaCl for 24 h. This technique conjugates TRH by the imidazole ring of histidine to the protein. A sample of conjugate (2·5 mg) in saline was homogenized with Freund's complete adjuvant and injected into 20 intradermal sites in a White New Zealand rabbit.

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S Van der Geyten Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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V M Darras Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism remains to be investigated. For D2, such a differential regulation seems to exist. Recent in vitro data have demonstrated that both in rat and mouse pituitary cells D2 mRNA and activity are upregulated after

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Alyce M Martin College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Emily W Sun College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Damien J Keating College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Introduction Enteroendocrine (EE) cells are specialised hormone-secreting cells that are dispersed throughout the mucosal epithelial layer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Collectively, these cells constitute 1% of the mucosal cell

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Renata C Uliani Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil

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Alan J Conley Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

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C Jo Corbin Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA

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Aimê M Friso Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil

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Luciana F S Maciel Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil

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Marco A Alvarenga Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil

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Introduction Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has attracted considerable interest in female reproduction as an indicator of reproductive aging and fertility, predicting the size of follicle populations in the ovaries of women and other mammals

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Daniel M Kelly Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK

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T Hugh Jones Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
Department of Human Metabolism, Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK

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, a lack of long-term placebo-controlled trials and an uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms of action, TRT remains controversial and its use as a protective metabolic hormone in CVD is at the centre of great debate. This review focuses on

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