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in obesity, which is fuelling the alarming increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, both in the developed and developing world ( McLellan 2002 , Hedley et al. 2004 , Yanovski 2005 ). The East is also catching up. A recent
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through inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may be an effective treatment for central obesity and metabolic syndrome. A number of chemical compounds targeting 11β-HSD1 inhibition have been explored, and 11β-HSD1 inhibitor has been shown to be effective in improving
Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
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Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
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Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
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Introduction Metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes (DM2) prevalence increased during the last decades, taking on epidemic proportions ( Lovic et al. 2020 ). Chronic psychological stress is recognized as an important risk factor for
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Introduction It has been hypothesized that deviations in glucocorticoid secretion and/or action may contribute to somatic and biochemical changes observed in patients with insulin resistance (IR)/metabolic syndrome ( Bjorntorp & Rosmond 1999
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://doi.org/10.1159/000375305 ) 10.1159/000375305 Alberti KGMM Eckel RH Grundy SM Zimmet PZ Cleeman JI Donato KA Fruchart J-C James WPT Loria CM Smith SC , 2009 Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes
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syndrome and T2D ( Stellato et al . 2000 , Oh et al . 2002 , Zitzmann 2009 , Navarro et al . 2015 ). In contrast, testosterone excess predisposes women to obesity, metabolic syndrome and T2D ( Oh et al . 2002 , Jones et al . 2011 , Navarro et al
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Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Department of Adipose Management, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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al . 2008 ; Hirata et al . 2009 ). Moreover, transgenic mice with adipocyte-specific inducible overexpression of MR are overweight with large fat mass, insulin resistance and features of metabolic syndrome ( Urbanet et al . 2015 ). Thus, MR seems a
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, Gaby 2005 , Johnson et al . 2007 ). The prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased in parallel with sugar consumption, particularly fructose ( Bray et al . 2004 , Johnson et al . 2007 ). Consistent
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
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to metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( Xu et al. 2012 a , Wang et al. 2014 ). Meanwhile, we recently reported that PCE induces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and high susceptibility to metabolic syndrome in
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Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
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evidence indicates that the early nutritional status of an organism may be a programming factor for the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life ( Ong & Loos 2006 , Symonds et al . 2009 ), particularly malnutrition or overnutrition