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Ken K Y Ho Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s Hospital and Pituitary Research Unit, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia

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in obesity, which is fuelling the alarming increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, both in the developed and developing world ( McLellan 2002 , Hedley et al. 2004 , Yanovski 2005 ). The East is also catching up. A recent

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Noriko Tagawa Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Sayaka Kubota Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Ikuo Kato Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Yoshiharu Kobayashi Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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through inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may be an effective treatment for central obesity and metabolic syndrome. A number of chemical compounds targeting 11β-HSD1 inhibition have been explored, and 11β-HSD1 inhibitor has been shown to be effective in improving

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Tanja Jene Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany

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Inigo Ruiz de Azua Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

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Annika Hasch Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

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Jennifer Klüpfel Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

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Julia Deuster Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany

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Mirjam Maas Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Cora H Nijboer Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Beat Lutz Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

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Marianne B Müller Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany

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Michael A van der Kooij Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany

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Introduction Metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes (DM2) prevalence increased during the last decades, taking on epidemic proportions ( Lovic et al. 2020 ). Chronic psychological stress is recognized as an important risk factor for

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Camila Martinez Calejman
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Juan M Di Gruccio
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María E Mercau
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Esteban M Repetto
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Francisco Astort
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Rocío Sanchez
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Matías Pandolfi Department of Human Biochemistry, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), CEFYBO, CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina

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Gabriela Berg Department of Human Biochemistry, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), CEFYBO, CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina

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Laura Schreier Department of Human Biochemistry, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), CEFYBO, CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina

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Pablo Arias Department of Human Biochemistry, Department of Biodiversity and Experimental Biology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), CEFYBO, CONICET, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina

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Cora B Cymeryng
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Introduction It has been hypothesized that deviations in glucocorticoid secretion and/or action may contribute to somatic and biochemical changes observed in patients with insulin resistance (IR)/metabolic syndrome ( Bjorntorp & Rosmond 1999

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Clara Lefranc INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

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Malou Friederich-Persson Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Roberto Palacios-Ramirez INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

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Aurelie Nguyen Dinh Cat INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

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://doi.org/10.1159/000375305 ) 10.1159/000375305 Alberti KGMM Eckel RH Grundy SM Zimmet PZ Cleeman JI Donato KA Fruchart J-C James WPT Loria CM Smith SC , 2009 Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes

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Weiwei Xu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Jamie Morford Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Franck Mauvais-Jarvis Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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syndrome and T2D ( Stellato et al . 2000 , Oh et al . 2002 , Zitzmann 2009 , Navarro et al . 2015 ). In contrast, testosterone excess predisposes women to obesity, metabolic syndrome and T2D ( Oh et al . 2002 , Jones et al . 2011 , Navarro et al

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Tomoaki Hayakawa Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Tomomi Minemura Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Toshiharu Onodera Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Jihoon Shin Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
Department of Diabetes Care Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Yosuke Okuno Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Atsunori Fukuhara Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
Department of Adipose Management, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Michio Otsuki Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Iichiro Shimomura Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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al . 2008 ; Hirata et al . 2009 ). Moreover, transgenic mice with adipocyte-specific inducible overexpression of MR are overweight with large fat mass, insulin resistance and features of metabolic syndrome ( Urbanet et al . 2015 ). Thus, MR seems a

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Paul W Caton Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Nanda K Nayuni Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Noorafza Q Khan Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Elizabeth G Wood Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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Roger Corder Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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, Gaby 2005 , Johnson et al . 2007 ). The prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased in parallel with sugar consumption, particularly fructose ( Bray et al . 2004 , Johnson et al . 2007 ). Consistent

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Bo He Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China

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Yinxian Wen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Shuwei Hu Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China

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Guihua Wang Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China

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Wen Hu Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China

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Jacques Magdalou UMR 7561 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médicine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France

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Liaobin Chen Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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Hui Wang Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China

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to metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( Xu et al. 2012 a , Wang et al. 2014 ). Meanwhile, we recently reported that PCE induces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and high susceptibility to metabolic syndrome in

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Miao Hou Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

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Chenlin Ji Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

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Jing Wang Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

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Yanhua Liu Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

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Bin Sun Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

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Mei Guo Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

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Jonas Burén Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

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Xiaonan Li Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
Departments of, Child Health Care, General Surgery, Institute of Pediatric Research, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China

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evidence indicates that the early nutritional status of an organism may be a programming factor for the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome later in life ( Ong & Loos 2006 , Symonds et al . 2009 ), particularly malnutrition or overnutrition

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