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Yang Chen Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mingyue Zhao Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Chenhao Wang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Huaizhen Wen Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Yuntao Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mingxu Lu Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Salah Adlat Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Tingting Zheng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mingjiao Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Dan Li Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Xiaodan Lu Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mengwei Guo Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Hongyu Chen Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Luqing Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Xuechao Feng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Yaowu Zheng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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important roles in energy metabolism and lipid consumption in adipose tissue ( Karpanen et al . 2008 , Hagberg et al . 2010 ). Our previous study has demonstrated that knockout of VEGFB induces WAT expansion, WAT-associated gene upregulation, BAT

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JOAN BUTLER
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C. H. GRAY
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SUMMARY

The metabolism of [3H]betamethasone has been studied in normal subjects and in patients receiving high therapeutic doses of the steroid. About 70% of the dose was excreted in the urine in 48 hr.; 15–30% of the dose was found in the unconjugated fraction. Six metabolites as well as unchanged betamethasone were isolated and identified by paper chromatography using reference compounds prepared from [3H]betamethasone. The transformations were: oxidation of the 11β-hydroxyl group, hydroxylation at the 6β-position, reduction of the carbonyl group at C-20 and removal of the side chain to give 17-oxosteroids.

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Marcus L Scornaienchi
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Cammi Thornton Department of Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S4K1

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Kristine L Willett Department of Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Environmental Toxicology Research Program, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S4K1

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Joanna Y Wilson
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Introduction The major estrogen in vertebrates is 17β-estradiol (E 2 ). The first step in the metabolism of E 2 is NADPH-dependant oxidative metabolism catalyzed by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes ( Zhu & Conney 1998 ). Mammalian CYP enzymes

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Abhaya Krishnan Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

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Sridhar Muthusami Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

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representation of insulin resistance and its influence on bone metabolism is provided in Fig. 2 . Figure 1 Schematic representation showing the effects of insulin on bone formation at physiological level. A full colour version of this figure is available

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Gustavo Canul-Medina Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Leticia Riverón-Negrete Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Karina Pastén-Hidalgo Cátedra CONACYT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Paulina Morales-Castillo Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Francisco García-Vázquez Laboratorio de Immunología y Alergia, Departamento de Análisis Clínicos y Estudios Especiales, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Cristina Fernandez-Mejia Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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. 1995 , Teixeira et al. 2019 ). During lactation, changes in maternal metabolism occur to fulfill the nutrient and mineral requirements for milk production ( Kovacs 2016 , Canul & Fernandez 2019). Lactating rats present lower glucose and plasma

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C. J. Edmonds
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The new edition of Werner's The Thyroid is so massive a monograph that anyone might be forgiven for supposing that all must now be light as regards the thyroid and its hormones. Such a conclusion would be much in error: many important areas remain most murky. Some of the problems involved in understanding the metabolism of thyroid hormones at the cellular level received a recent airing in the lecture of Professor Reed Larsen at the 1987 meeting of the British Endocrine Societies (Larsen, 1987). Although it is now generally accepted that the important thyroid hormone for the cells is tri-iodothyronine (T3), it is not clear precisely how the supply is matched to the cellular need, for T3 forms only a small proportion of the thyroid secretion, the predominant hormone secreted being thyroxine (T4). The cellular supply of T3 depends largely on conversion of T4 to T3 by an enzyme

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David P Macfarlane Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Shareen Forbes Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK

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receptor (MR or type 1 corticosteroid receptor) is localised to specific anatomical sites, including the distal nephron, colon and sweat glands ( Edwards et al . 1988 , Seckl & Walker 2001 ). Pre-receptor metabolism of glucocorticoids determines tissue

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Sihan Lv Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Xinchen Qiu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Jian Li Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Jinye Liang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Weida Li Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Chao Zhang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Zhen-Ning Zhang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Bing Luan Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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& Karin 2012 ). Disrupted lipid metabolism including fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis in liver results in the development of hepatic steatosis and contributes to the development of hepatic insulin resistance ( Marchesini et al . 2003

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Sarah L Grassick Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Gillian L Currie Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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supported the hypothesis that variations in glucocorticoid metabolism within target tissues play an important role in the pathophysiology of Metabolic Syndrome. In addition to 11β-HSD1, glucocorticoids are metabolised by several other enzymes ( Fig. 1 ). In

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Campbell J L Harter School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Georgia S Kavanagh School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Jeremy T Smith School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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although the mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. Kisspeptin regulation of energy balance and metabolism Effect of metabolism on fertility Reproduction is a resource-costly activity and as such its success is dependent

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