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Muneaki Ishijima Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Kunikazu Tsuji Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Susan R Rittling Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Teruhito Yamashita Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Hisashi Kurosawa Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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David T Denhardt Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Akira Nifuji Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Yoichi Ezura Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Masaki Noda Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Mechanical stress to bone plays a crucial role in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. It causes the deformation of bone matrix and generates strain force, which could initiate the mechano-transduction pathway. The presence of osteopontin (OPN), which is one of the abundant proteins in bone matrix, is required for the effects of mechanical stress on bone, as we have reported that OPN-null (OPN−/−) mice showed resistance to unloading-induced bone loss. However, cellular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon have not been completely elucidated. To obtain further insight into the role of OPN in mediating mechanical stress effect on bone, we examined in vitro mineralization and osteoclast-like cell formation in bone marrow cells obtained from hind limb bones of OPN−/− mice after tail suspension. The levels of mineralized nodule formation of bone marrow cells derived from the femora subjected to unloading were decreased compared with that from loaded control in wild-type mice. However, these were not decreased in cells from OPN−/− mice after tail suspension compared with that from loaded OPN−/− mice. Moreover, while spreading of osteoclast-like cells derived from bone marrow cells of the femora subjected to unloading was enhanced compared with that from loaded control in wild-type mice, this enhancement of spreading of these cells derived from the femora subjected to unloading was not recognized compared with those from loaded control in OPN−/− mice. These data provided cellular bases for the effect of the OPN deficiency on in vitro reduced mineralized nodule formation by osteoblasts and on enhancement of osteoclast spreading in vitro induced by the absence of mechanical stress. These in vitro results correlate well with the resistance to unloading-induced bone loss in OPN−/− mice in vivo, suggesting that OPN has an important role in the effects of unloading-induced alterations of differentiation of bone marrow into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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Ruijin Shao Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Emil Egecioglu Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Birgitta Weijdegård Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Karin Ljungström Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Charlotte Ling Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Julia Fernandez-Rodriguez Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Håkan Billig Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Wallenberg Laboratory, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden
Swegene Centre for Cellular Imaging, Göteborg University, SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden

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Progesterone (P4) regulates many aspects of physiological functions via two nuclear P4 receptors (PR), PRA and PRB, which are members of a structurally related nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that includes glucocorticoid receptors (GR). The regulation and cellular distribution of PR protein isoforms have been extensively studied in reproductive tissues, but this is not the case in the lung. In the present study, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, Western blotting, and immunolocalization supported the presence of PRA in the lung of female mice, with PRA protein levels significantly increased between postnatal day 7 and 12, declined at postnatal day 26, and minimal in adults when compared to postnatal day 2. The peak was temporally related to postnatal lung maturation in rodents. Immunoreactivity for PR was detected in the alveolar and bronchial epithelia. We then extended this study to examine, for the first time, the regulation of PRA protein expression in female mouse lung in vivo. Neither the increase in endogenous P4 nor treatment with exogenous P4 regulated PRA protein expression in female mouse lung. However, treatment of mice with the GR/PR antagonist RU 486, but not Org 31710 (a specific PR antagonist), significantly increased PRA protein expression in parallel to a decrease in GR protein expression. In addition, treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone led to a decrease in PRA protein expression independent of endogenous P4 levels. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis revealed that, under in vivo conditions, PRA physically interacted with GR in mouse lung. Confocal laser microscopy revealed that PRA and GR co-localized in the nuclei of alveolar epithelia cells, whereas nuclear PR and cytoplasmic GR were detected in bronchial epithelium. Taken together, our observations suggest that PRA may be an important physiological factor involved in postnatal lung development and that the regulation of PRA protein expression is not dependent on P4, but rather on functional glucocorticoid/GR signaling mediated by protein–protein interaction in the mouse lung.

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V Squicciarini Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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R Riquelme Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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K Wilsterman Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

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G E Bentley Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

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H E Lara Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

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RFamide-related peptide (RFRP-3) is a regulator of GnRH secretion from the brain, but it can also act in human ovary to influence steroidogenesis. We aimed to study the putative local role of RFRP-3 in the ovary and its potential participation in the development of a polycystic ovary phenotype induced by chronic sympathetic stress (cold stress). We used adult Sprague–Dawley rats divided into control and stressed groups. In both groups, we studied the effect of intraovarian exposure to RFRP-3 on follicular development and plasma ovarian steroid concentrations. We also tested the effect of RFRP-3 on ovarian steroid production in vitro. Chronic in vivo intraovarian exposure to RFRP-3 decreased basal testosterone concentrations and cold stress-induced progesterone production by the ovary. In vitro, RFRP-3 decreased hCG-induced ovarian progesterone and testosterone secretion. Immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analysis showed a decrease in Rfrp and expression of its receptor in the ovary of stressed rats, a result which is in line with the increased testosterone levels found in stressed rats. In vivo application of RFRP-3 recovered the low levels of secondary and healthy antral follicles found in stressed rats. Taken together, our data indicate a previously unknown response of hypothalamic and ovarian RFRP-3 to chronic cold stress, influencing ovarian steroidogenesis and follicular dynamics. Thus, it is likely that RFRP-3 modulation in the ovary is a key component of development of the polycystic ovary phenotype.

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Yuehui Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Min Hu Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Wenyan Jia Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Guoqi Liu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Jiao Zhang Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Bing Wang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Juan Li Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Peng Cui Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Gynecology, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xin Li Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Susanne Lager Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Amanda Nancy Sferruzzi-Perri Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Yanhua Han Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Songjiang Liu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Xiaoke Wu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Mats Brännström Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Linus R Shao Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Håkan Billig Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance and a high risk of miscarriage during pregnancy. Similarly, in rats, maternal exposure to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and insulin from gestational day 7.5 to 13.5 leads to hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance and subsequently increased fetal loss. A variety of hormonal and metabolic stimuli are able to trigger different types of regulated cell death under physiological and pathological conditions. These include ferroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis. We hypothesized that, in rats, maternal hyperandrogenism and insulin-resistance-induced fetal loss is mediated, at least in part, by changes in the ferroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis pathways in the gravid uterus and placenta. Compared with controls, we found that co-exposure to DHT and insulin led to decreased levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and glutathione, increased glutathione + glutathione disulfide and malondialdehyde, aberrant expression of ferroptosis-associated genes (Acsl4, Tfrc, Slc7a11, and Gclc), increased iron deposition and activated ERK/p38/JNK phosphorylation in the gravid uterus. In addition, we observed shrunken mitochondria with electron-dense cristae, which are key features of ferroptosis-related mitochondrial morphology, as well as increased expression of Dpp4, a mitochondria-encoded gene responsible for ferroptosis induction in the uteri of rats co-exposed to DHT and insulin. However, in the placenta, DHT and insulin exposure only partially altered the expression of ferroptosis-related markers (e.g. region-dependent GPX4, glutathione + glutathione disulfide, malondialdehyde, Gls2 and Slc7a11 mRNAs, and phosphorylated p38 levels). Moreover, we found decreased expression of Dpp4 mRNA and increased expression of Cisd1 mRNA in placentas of rats co-exposed to DHT and insulin. Further, DHT + insulin-exposed pregnant rats exhibited decreased apoptosis in the uterus and increased necroptosis in the placenta. Our findings suggest that maternal hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance causes the activation of ferroptosis in the gravid uterus and placenta, although this is mediated via different mechanisms operating at the molecular and cellular levels. Our data also suggest that apoptosis and necroptosis may play a role in coordinating or compensating for hyperandrogenism and insulin-resistance-induced ferroptosis when the gravid uterus and placenta are dysfunctional.

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Jessica L Pierce Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Ke-Hong Ding Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Jianrui Xu Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Anuj K Sharma Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Kanglun Yu Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Natalia del Mazo Arbona Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Zuleika Rodríguez-Santos Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Paul J Bernard Pediatric Endocrine Specialists of Georgia, Duluth, Georgia, USA

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Wendy B Bollag Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Maribeth H Johnson Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Mark W Hamrick Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Dana L Begun Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Xing-Ming Shi Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Carlos M Isales Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Meghan E McGee-Lawrence Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Excess fat within bone marrow is associated with lower bone density. Metabolic stressors such as chronic caloric restriction (CR) can exacerbate marrow adiposity, and increased glucocorticoid signaling and adrenergic signaling are implicated in this phenotype. The current study tested the role of glucocorticoid signaling in CR-induced stress by conditionally deleting the glucocorticoid receptor (Nr3c1; hereafter abbreviated as GR) in bone marrow osteoprogenitors (Osx1-Cre) of mice subjected to CR and ad libitum diets. Conditional knockout of the GR (GR-CKO) reduced cortical and trabecular bone mass as compared to WT mice under both ad libitum feeding and CR conditions. No interaction was detected between genotype and diet, suggesting that the GR is not required for CR-induced skeletal changes. The lower bone mass in GR-CKO mice, and the further decrease in bone by CR, resulted from suppressed bone formation. Interestingly, treatment with the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol mildly but selectively improved metrics of cortical bone mass in GR-CKO mice during CR, suggesting interaction between adrenergic and glucocorticoid signaling pathways that affects cortical bone. GR-CKO mice dramatically increased marrow fat under both ad libitum and CR-fed conditions, and surprisingly propranolol treatment was unable to rescue CR-induced marrow fat in either WT or GR-CKO mice. Additionally, serum corticosterone levels were selectively elevated in GR-CKO mice with CR, suggesting the possibility of bone–hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal crosstalk during metabolic stress. This work highlights the complexities of glucocorticoid and β-adrenergic signaling in stress-induced changes in bone mass, and the importance of GR function in suppressing marrow adipogenesis while maintaining healthy bone mass.

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Silva Sütt Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Emmelie Cansby Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Alexandra Paul Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Chemical Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Manoj Amrutkar Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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Esther Nuñez-Durán Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Nagaraj M Kulkarni Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Marcus Ståhlman Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Jan Borén Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Jurga Laurencikiene Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Brian W Howell Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA

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Sven Enerbäck Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Margit Mahlapuu Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Whole-body energy homeostasis at over-nutrition critically depends on how well adipose tissue remodels in response to excess calories. We recently identified serine/threonine protein kinase (STK)25 as a critical regulator of ectopic lipid storage in non-adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance in the context of nutritional stress. Here, we investigated the role of STK25 in regulation of adipose tissue dysfunction in mice challenged with a high-fat diet. We found that overexpression of STK25 in high-fat-fed mice resulted in impaired mitochondrial function and aggravated hypertrophy, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in adipose depots. Reciprocally, Stk25-knockout mice displayed improved mitochondrial function and were protected against diet-induced excessive fat storage, meta-inflammation and fibrosis in brown and white adipose tissues. Furthermore, in rodent HIB-1B cell line, STK25 depletion resulted in enhanced mitochondrial activity and consequently, reduced lipid droplet size, demonstrating an autonomous action for STK25 within adipocytes. In summary, we provide the first evidence for a key function of STK25 in controlling the metabolic balance of lipid utilization vs lipid storage in brown and white adipose depots, suggesting that repression of STK25 activity offers a potential strategy for establishing healthier adipose tissue in the context of chronic exposure to dietary lipids.

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Aryane Cruz Oliveira Pinho CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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Paula Laranjeira CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal

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Eugenia Carvalho CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Casa Costa Alemão, Coimbra, Portugal
APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal

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Despite the known link between obesity and insulin resistance (IR) to chronic low-grade inflammation, new markers capable of early IR detection are needed. Immune cells are components of adipose tissue’s (AT) stromal vascular fraction (SVF) that regulate AT homeostasis. The altered phenotype and function of AT-infiltrating immune cells may contribute to the development and maintenance of local AT inflammation observed under obesity-induced IR conditions. Impaired AT-specific immunometabolic function may influence the whole organism. Therefore, AT-infiltrating immune cells may be important players in the development of obesity-related metabolic complications, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). B and T cells, particularly CD20+ T cells, play important roles in human pathology, such as autoimmune disease and cancer. However, the question remains as to whether CD20+ T cells have an important contribution to the development of obesity-related IR. While circulating CD20+ T cells are mostly of the central memory phenotype (i.e. antigen-experienced T cells with the ability to home to secondary lymphoid organs), tissues-infiltrated CD20+ T cells are predominantly of the effector memory phenotype (i.e. antigen-experienced T cells that preferentially infiltrate peripheral tissues). The latter produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and IL-17, which play a role in obesity-related IR development. This review describes the CD20 molecule and its presence in both B and T cells, shedding light on its ontogeny and function, in health and disease, with emphasis on AT. The link between CD20+ T cell dysregulation, obesity, and IR development supports the role of CD20+ T cells as markers of adipose tissue dysmetabolism.

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Erica Sarchielli Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Paolo Comeglio Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Sandra Filippi Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Neuroscience, Drug Research and Child Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Ilaria Cellai Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Giulia Guarnieri Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Guasti Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Rapizzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Giulia Rastrelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Bani Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Gabriella Vannelli Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Linda Vignozzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
Andrology, Women’s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy

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Annamaria Morelli Anatomy and Histology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Mario Maggi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
Endocrinology, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy

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Lifestyle modifications, including physical exercise (PhyEx), are well-known treatments for metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors often associated to hypogonadism. Given the trophic role of testosterone on skeletal muscle (SkM), this study was aimed at evaluating the effects of testosterone treatment on SkM metabolism and exercise performance in male rabbits with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MetS. HFD rabbits, treated or not with testosterone (30 mg/kg/week) for 12 weeks, were compared to regular diet animals (RD). A subset of each group was exercise-trained for 12 weeks. HFD increased type-II (fast, glycolytic) and decreased type-I (slow, oxidative) muscle fibers compared to RD as evaluated by RT-PCR and histochemistry. Testosterone reverted these effects, also inducing the expression of mitochondrial respiration enzymes and normalizing HFD-induced mitochondrial cristae reduction. Moreover, testosterone significantly increased the expression of myogenic/differentiation markers and genes related to glucidic/lipid metabolism. At the end of the PhyEx protocol, when compared to RD, HFD rabbits showed a significant reduction of running distance and running time, while testosterone counteracted this effect, also decreasing lactate production. In the trained groups, muscle histology showed a significant reduction of oxidative fibers in HFD compared to RD and the positive effect of testosterone in maintaining oxidative metabolism, as also demonstrated by analyzing mitochondrial ultrastructure, succinate dehydrogenase activity and ATP production. Our results indicate that testosterone could be useful to promote oxidative muscle metabolism altered by MetS, thus improving exercise performance. Conversely, testosterone administration to otherwise eugonadal rabbits (RD) only increased muscle fiber diameter but not endurance performance.

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Rodrigo Martins Pereira Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Kellen Cristina da Cruz Rodrigues Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Chadi Pellegrini Anaruma Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Marcella Ramos Sant’Ana Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Thaís Dantis Pereira de Campos Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Rodrigo Stellzer Gaspar Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Raphael dos Santos Canciglieri Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Diego Gomes de Melo Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Rania A Mekary Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neuroscience Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Social and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Dennys Esper Cintra Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Eduardo Rochete Ropelle Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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José Rodrigo Pauli Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Leandro Pereira de Moura Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a positive correlation with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The aerobic training is an important tool in combating NAFLD. However, no studies have demonstrated the molecular effects of short-term strength training on the accumulation of hepatic fat in obese mice. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term strength training on the mechanisms of oxidation and lipid synthesis in the liver of obese mice. The short duration protocol was used to avoid changing the amount of adipose tissue. Swiss mice were separated into three groups: lean control (CTL), sedentary obese (OB) and strength training obese (STO). The obese groups were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and the STO group performed the strength training protocol 1 session/day for 15 days. The short-term strength training reduced hepatic fat accumulation, increasing hepatic insulin sensitivity and controlling hepatic glucose production. The obese animals increased the mRNA of lipogenic genes Fasn and Scd1 and reduced the oxidative genes Cpt1a and Ppara. On the other hand, the STO group presented the opposite results. Finally, the obese animals presented higher levels of lipogenic proteins (ACC and FAS) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), but the short-term strength training was efficient in reducing this condition, regardless of body weight loss. In conclusion, there was a reduction of obesity-related hepatic lipogenesis and inflammation after short-term strength training, independent of weight loss, leading to improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity and glycemic homeostasis in obese mice. Key points: (1) Short-term strength training (STST) reduced fat accumulation and inflammation in the liver; (2) Hepatic insulin sensitivity and HPG control were increased with STST; (3) The content and activity of ACC and content of FAS were reduced with STST; (4) STST improved hepatic fat accumulation and glycemic homeostasis; (5) STST effects were observed independently of body weight change.

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Norihiko Kato Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Keiichiro Kitahara Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Susan R Rittling Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Kazuhisa Nakashima Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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David T Denhardt Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Hisashi Kurosawa Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoichi Ezura Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Masaki Noda Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Osteoporosis is one of the most widespread and destructive bone diseases in our modern world. There is a great need for anabolic agents for bone which could reverse this disease, but few are available for clinical use. Prostaglandin E receptor (EP4) agonist (EP4A) is one of the very few anabolic agents for bone in rat, but its systemic efficacy against bone loss at sub-optimal dose is limited in mice. As osteoblasts are regulated by extracellular matrix proteins, we tested whether deficiency of osteopontin (OPN), a secreted phosphorylated protein, could modulate the effects of EP4A (ONO-AE1-329) treatment at 30 μg/kg body weight, a sub-optimal dose, for 5 days/week for 4 weeks. OPN deficiency enhanced the anabolic effects of EP4A on bone volume. Histomorphometric analysis indicated that EP4A increased mineral apposition rate as well as bone formation rate in OPN-deficient but not in wild-type mice. Neither OPN deficiency nor EP4A altered osteoclast parameters. Importantly, OPN deficiency enhanced the direct anabolic action of EP4A locally injected onto the parietal bone in inducing new bone formation. Combination of OPN deficiency and EP4A treatment caused an increase in mineralized nodule formation in the cultures of bone marrow cells. Finally, OPN deficiency enhanced anabolic action of EP4A in the mice subjected to ovariectomy. These data indicate that OPN deficiency enhances the actions of EP4A at sub-optimal dose.

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