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Li Ding Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

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Yue Yin Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

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Lingling Han Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

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Yin Li Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

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Jing Zhao Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China

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Weizhen Zhang Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Introduction Pancreatic islet contains four major types of endocrine cells, including α, β, δ and PP cells, which secret glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide, respectively. All types of pancreatic endocrine cells arise

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Tomoko Miyoshi
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Fumio Otsuka
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Hiroyuki Otani
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Kenichi Inagaki
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Junko Goto
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Misuzu Yamashita
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Toshio Ogura
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Yasumasa Iwasaki Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Department of Endocrinology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama City 700-8558, Japan

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Hirofumi Makino
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endocrine profiles and reduce mortality. Somatostatin analogs and dopamine agonists are utilized as principal medications for acromegaly patients before and/or after pituitary surgery. It has been generally recognized that a combination therapy with

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Cristina Capatina Department of Endocrinology, CI Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Endocrinology, CI Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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John A H Wass Department of Endocrinology, CI Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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activating mutations of the G-protein subunit alpha (Gs) are found in up to 40% of GH-secreting PA; these cases are more responsive to medical treatment with somatostatin (SS) analogs (SSA) ( Barlier et al . 1998 ). Also, pituitary tumor-transforming gene

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Caiyun Sun State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, XinGang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China

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Da Duan State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, XinGang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China

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Bo Li State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, XinGang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China

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Chaobin Qin State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, XinGang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China

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Jirong Jia State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, XinGang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China

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Bin Wang State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, XinGang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China

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Haiyan Dong State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, XinGang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China

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Wensheng Li State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135, XinGang West Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China

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conserved across vertebrate species, whereas the amino acid sequence at the N terminus is rather variable ( Onan et al . 2004 , Conlon 2008 , Vaudry et al . 2010 ). Comparative genomic studies have shown that the UII and somatostatin (SS) genes derive

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Niamh X Cawley
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Guida Portela-Gomes Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Gastroenterology, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Hong Lou
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Y Peng Loh
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antibodies against human somatostatin (Novo Nordisk S/A, Bagsvaerd, Denmark; clone Som-018; 1:50), guinea pig antibodies against human insulin (P Westermark, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden; code #Ma37; 1:200), and chicken antibodies

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Alex Rafacho Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

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Henrik Ortsäter Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

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Angel Nadal Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

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Ivan Quesada Department of Physiological Sciences, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Institute of Bioengineering and the Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

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, somatostatin and amylin. All these alterations in islet hormonal secretion can exacerbate GCs' diabetogenic actions. In the next sections, we review the main effects of GCs on peripheral tissues and the endocrine pancreas and also consider the risks and

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L Grinius Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA

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C Kessler Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA

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J Schroeder Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA

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S Handwerger Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA

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monitored in one set of experiments by determination of FOXO1A, prolactin, IGFBP-1, endometrial bleeding-associated factor (EBAF), and somatostatin mRNA levels by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR using GAPDH, and actin mRNA levels for

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Carla Brancia NEF-Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Cytomorphology

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Cristina Cocco NEF-Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Cytomorphology

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Filomena D'Amato NEF-Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Cytomorphology

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Barbara Noli NEF-Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Cytomorphology

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Fabrizio Sanna NEF-Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Cytomorphology

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Roberta Possenti NEF-Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Cytomorphology

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Antonio Argiolas NEF-Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Cytomorphology

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Gian-Luca Ferri NEF-Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Cytomorphology

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food intake and in the response to feeding, and contains heterogeneous populations of endocrine cells including gastrin (G), enterochromaffin (EC), enterochromaffin-like (ECL) and somatostatin (D) cells ( Solcia et al . 2000 ). The circulating hormone

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P G Murray Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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C E Higham Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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P E Clayton Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK

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–GH connection has led investigators to now establish the major roles of the GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin (SST)/somatotrophin release inhibitory factor (SRIF) and ghrelin in the central control of GH secretion from the anterior pituitary somatotrophs

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R Lomsky
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J Pribysova
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V Jirkalova
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F Saudek
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Differences between the immunocytochemical behaviour of antisera to partially purified porcine gastrins and antisera to either synthetic human gastrin-17-I or highly purified porcine gastrin-17-I raised the hypothesis that hog antral gastrin extracts contain peptides different from somatostatin and gastrin that are responsible for the immunocytochemical reaction of the former antisera in the D (delta) cells of the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine system. This study was performed to prove this hypothesis. A discard fraction obtained after gel filtration of hog antral gastrin extracts on Sephadex G-50 Superfine was employed to immunize five rabbits. The discard fraction is highly heterogeneous on two-dimensional electrophoresis and contains merely traces of somatostatin and gastrin in RIA. However, rabbit antisera to the discard fraction give strongly positive immunocytochemical reactions exclusively in the D cells of the human antroduodenal mucosa and of the pancreatic islets. Absorption of the antisera with the lyophilized discard fraction abolishes the staining of the D cells, whereas absorption of the antisera with several somatostatins does not affect the staining. Vice versa, staining of the D cells with antisera to cyclic somatostatin-14 is abolished by absorption of the antisera with somatostatin-14 but not by absorption with excess of the discard fraction. In RIA, antisera to the discard fraction do not bind radiolabelled (Tyr(1))-somatostatin-14, Tyr-somatostatin-28 or synthetic human gastrin-17-I. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of acid extracts of isolated canine pancreatic islets followed by Western blotting shows different patterns of distribution of immunoreactive spots obtained with antisera to the discard fraction, to somatostatin-14, and to human proinsulin respectively. These results indicate the existence of a novel population of peptides of the D cells of the GEP endocrine system, for which we propose the term deltins.

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