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Xiaoyi Ma Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Fei Gao Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Qi Chen Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Xiuping Xuan Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Ying Wang Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Hongjun Deng Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Fengying Yang Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Li Yuan Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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responses and oxidative stress ( Shi et al . 2018 ), thus positively regulating beta-cell function and insulin release ( Yuan et al . 2014 , Brar et al . 2017 ). In our previous studies, A1–7 was found to improve vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF

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S Hesketh University of Bristol, HWLINE, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
Department of Pyschopharmacology, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark

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D S Jessop University of Bristol, HWLINE, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
Department of Pyschopharmacology, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark

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S Hogg University of Bristol, HWLINE, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
Department of Pyschopharmacology, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark

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M S Harbuz University of Bristol, HWLINE, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
Department of Pyschopharmacology, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis serves as a neuroendocrine stress response system, which has an important role in the maintenance of homeostatsis ( Buckingham et al. 1997 ). Stimulation of the HPA axis

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Eleftheria Diakogiannaki Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, John Bull Building, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK

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Hannah J Welters Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, John Bull Building, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK

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Noel G Morgan Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, John Bull Building, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK

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that the lipotoxic demise of the pancreatic β-cells may be related to a process of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress ( Kharroubi et al . 2004 , Karaskov et al . 2006 , Eizirik et al . 2008 ) and that this culminates in enhanced cell loss by

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Miroslav Adzic
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Jelena Djordjevic
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Ana Djordjevic
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Ana Niciforovic
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Constantinos Demonacos Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, PO Box-522-MBE090, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

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Marija Radojcic
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Marija Krstic-Demonacos Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, VINCA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, PO Box-522-MBE090, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia

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Introduction Response to neuroendocrine stress begins with the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis leading to the increase in stress hormones glucocorticoids (GCs). These hormones mediate adaptation to stress and also

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M. Rand-Weaver
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T. G. Pottinger
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J. P. Sumpter
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ABSTRACT

The preliminary finding that plasma levels of somatolactin (SL) were markedly elevated following stress caused by confinement in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) prompted a more detailed study of SL dynamics during stress. SL levels have been determined in the plasma of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during exposure to acute (0–30 min) and short (0–24 h) periods of stress resulting from handling and confinement. The results show that SL levels increase rapidly within minutes following the onset of stress, reach a peak between 1 and 2 h, decline over the next 3 h, and then show an additional increase again by 24 h. During acute stress caused by confinement, the increase in plasma SL levels occurred within 2 min, thus showing a more rapid response than cortisol. This suggests that the response is mediated directly by the hypothalamus and is not a result of a feedback mechanism. The results also demonstrate that SL secretion in response to stress is at least partially under genetic control. In the short-term stress experiment, progeny of fish selected as high responders or low responders to stress, based on the magnitude of the plasma cortisol levels induced by stress, were used, and these fish showed similarly accentuated or attenuated release of SL following stress. These results clearly demonstrate that non-specific environmental stress causes rapid activation of SL-secreting cells in the pars intermedia, suggesting that this hormone has an important role in the adaptive response of fish to stress.

Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 138, 509–515

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Zhenhua Li
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Tao Zhang Department of Cardiology, Department of Orthopedic, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Jinan 250012, China

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Hongyan Dai Department of Cardiology, Department of Orthopedic, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Jinan 250012, China

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Guanghui Liu
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Haibin Wang
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Yingying Sun
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Yun Zhang
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Zhiming Ge
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( Ferri & Kroemer 2001 ) and it is involved in several important functions such as the folding of secretory and membrane proteins. Various conditions can disturb the functions of the ER and result in ER stress (ERS). These conditions include ER-Ca 2

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Francesca Spiga
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Louise R Harrison
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Susan Wood
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David M Knight
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Cliona P MacSweeney Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, BS1 3NY Bristol, UK

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Fiona Thomson Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, BS1 3NY Bristol, UK

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Mark Craighead Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, BS1 3NY Bristol, UK

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Stafford L Lightman
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-Diehl 2000 ). Evidence for the involvement of AVP in the HPA axis response to stress includes the increased secretion of AVP into the pituitary portal circulation ( de Goeij et al . 1991 , 1992 , Chowdrey et al . 1995 ) increased AVP mRNA within the

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Y Yang
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J Cao
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W Xiong
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J Zhang
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Q Zhou
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H Wei
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C Liang
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J Deng
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T Li
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S Yang
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L Xu
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It has been documented that stress or glucocorticoids have conflicting effects on memory under different conditions. However, it is not fully understood why stress can either impair or enhance memory. Here, we have examined the performance of six age groups of Wistar rats in a water maze spatial task to evaluate the effects of stress under different conditions. We found that the impairment or enhancement effect of an 'elevated platform' (EP) stress on memory was dependent on previous stress experience and on age. EP stress impaired memory retrieval in water maze naive animals, but enhanced rather than impaired memory retrieval in young water maze stress-experienced animals. Furthermore, exogenously applied corticosterone or foot shock stress before water maze training prevented the impairment of memory retrieval that should be induced by treatment with corticosterone or foot shock before the 'probe trial'. Again, memory retrieval was enhanced in young animals under these conditions, and this enhancement can be prevented by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 38486. Thus, glucocorticoid receptor activation not only induced impairment of memory but also increased the capacity of young animals to overcome a later stress. The present findings suggest that the effect of stress on memory can be switched from impairment to enhancement dependent on both stress experience and age.

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Juriaan R Metz Department Organismal Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Mark O Huising Department Organismal Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Karin Leon Department Organismal Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands

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B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade Department Organismal Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Gert Flik Department Organismal Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands

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. 2003 a , 2004 a ). It is generally accepted that our understanding of mechanisms, which underlie immune–stress relations will improve our insights in health and welfare of fish in production systems, since stress is a potential factor causing increased

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Melissa F Jackson School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of

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Dung Luong School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of

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Dor Dor Vang School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of

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Dilip K Garikipati School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of

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James B Stanton School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of

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O Lynne Nelson School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of

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Buel D Rodgers School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of
School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of

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had larger hearts, due to eccentric hypertrophy, and an enhanced stress response, due in part to enhanced Ca 2 + handling. Analysis of primary ventricular myocytes indicated that [Ca 2 + ] i transients and total cellular loads were greater in Mstn

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