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responses and oxidative stress ( Shi et al . 2018 ), thus positively regulating beta-cell function and insulin release ( Yuan et al . 2014 , Brar et al . 2017 ). In our previous studies, A1–7 was found to improve vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF
Department of Pyschopharmacology, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Pyschopharmacology, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Pyschopharmacology, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Pyschopharmacology, H Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Introduction The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis serves as a neuroendocrine stress response system, which has an important role in the maintenance of homeostatsis ( Buckingham et al. 1997 ). Stimulation of the HPA axis
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that the lipotoxic demise of the pancreatic β-cells may be related to a process of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress ( Kharroubi et al . 2004 , Karaskov et al . 2006 , Eizirik et al . 2008 ) and that this culminates in enhanced cell loss by
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Introduction Response to neuroendocrine stress begins with the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis leading to the increase in stress hormones glucocorticoids (GCs). These hormones mediate adaptation to stress and also
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ABSTRACT
The preliminary finding that plasma levels of somatolactin (SL) were markedly elevated following stress caused by confinement in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) prompted a more detailed study of SL dynamics during stress. SL levels have been determined in the plasma of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during exposure to acute (0–30 min) and short (0–24 h) periods of stress resulting from handling and confinement. The results show that SL levels increase rapidly within minutes following the onset of stress, reach a peak between 1 and 2 h, decline over the next 3 h, and then show an additional increase again by 24 h. During acute stress caused by confinement, the increase in plasma SL levels occurred within 2 min, thus showing a more rapid response than cortisol. This suggests that the response is mediated directly by the hypothalamus and is not a result of a feedback mechanism. The results also demonstrate that SL secretion in response to stress is at least partially under genetic control. In the short-term stress experiment, progeny of fish selected as high responders or low responders to stress, based on the magnitude of the plasma cortisol levels induced by stress, were used, and these fish showed similarly accentuated or attenuated release of SL following stress. These results clearly demonstrate that non-specific environmental stress causes rapid activation of SL-secreting cells in the pars intermedia, suggesting that this hormone has an important role in the adaptive response of fish to stress.
Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 138, 509–515
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( Ferri & Kroemer 2001 ) and it is involved in several important functions such as the folding of secretory and membrane proteins. Various conditions can disturb the functions of the ER and result in ER stress (ERS). These conditions include ER-Ca 2
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-Diehl 2000 ). Evidence for the involvement of AVP in the HPA axis response to stress includes the increased secretion of AVP into the pituitary portal circulation ( de Goeij et al . 1991 , 1992 , Chowdrey et al . 1995 ) increased AVP mRNA within the
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It has been documented that stress or glucocorticoids have conflicting effects on memory under different conditions. However, it is not fully understood why stress can either impair or enhance memory. Here, we have examined the performance of six age groups of Wistar rats in a water maze spatial task to evaluate the effects of stress under different conditions. We found that the impairment or enhancement effect of an 'elevated platform' (EP) stress on memory was dependent on previous stress experience and on age. EP stress impaired memory retrieval in water maze naive animals, but enhanced rather than impaired memory retrieval in young water maze stress-experienced animals. Furthermore, exogenously applied corticosterone or foot shock stress before water maze training prevented the impairment of memory retrieval that should be induced by treatment with corticosterone or foot shock before the 'probe trial'. Again, memory retrieval was enhanced in young animals under these conditions, and this enhancement can be prevented by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 38486. Thus, glucocorticoid receptor activation not only induced impairment of memory but also increased the capacity of young animals to overcome a later stress. The present findings suggest that the effect of stress on memory can be switched from impairment to enhancement dependent on both stress experience and age.
Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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. 2003 a , 2004 a ). It is generally accepted that our understanding of mechanisms, which underlie immune–stress relations will improve our insights in health and welfare of fish in production systems, since stress is a potential factor causing increased
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School of Molecular Biosciences, Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Animal Sciences, Departments of
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had larger hearts, due to eccentric hypertrophy, and an enhanced stress response, due in part to enhanced Ca 2 + handling. Analysis of primary ventricular myocytes indicated that [Ca 2 + ] i transients and total cellular loads were greater in Mstn
