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George Bikopoulos
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Aurelio da Silva Pimenta Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Department of Physiology, Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Agricultural, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8

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Simon C Lee Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Department of Physiology, Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Agricultural, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8

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Jonathan R Lakey Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Department of Physiology, Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Agricultural, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8

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Sandy D Der
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Catherine B Chan Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Department of Physiology, Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Agricultural, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8

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Rolando Bacis Ceddia Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Department of Physiology, Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Agricultural, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8

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Michael B Wheeler Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Department of Physiology, Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Department of Agricultural, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8

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Maria Rozakis-Adcock
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low-abundance genes. Supplemental Fig. 1, which can be viewed online at http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/content/vol196/issue3/ shows the results demonstrating that OA treatment lead to an increase in the mRNA level for uncoupling protein 2 (UCP

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Manuela Elsen Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

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Silja Raschke Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

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Jürgen Eckel Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

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Introduction White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) exert inverse functions in that WAT stores energy, whereas BAT, characterized by a large number of mitochondria containing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), mediates adaptive

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Nailliw Z Preite Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Department of Translational Medicine, EPM, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Bruna P P do Nascimento Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Department of Translational Medicine, EPM, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Cynthia R Muller Experimental Pathophysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Anna Laura V Américo Experimental Pathophysiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Talita S Higa School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Fabiana S Evangelista School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Carmen L Lancellotti Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Felipe dos Santos Henriques Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil

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Miguel Luiz Batista Jr Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil

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Antonio C Bianco Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University and Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Miriam O Ribeiro Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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receptors (ARβ), triggering a sequence of events that result in cAMP accumulation, hydrolysis of triglycerides, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP 1 ) activation, all of which are necessary for BAT thermogenesis (for review see Silva (2011) ). Thus, NE

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M E Cleasby Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Q Lau Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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E Polkinghorne Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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S A Patel Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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S J Leslie Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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N Turner Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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G J Cooney Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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A Xu Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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E W Kraegen Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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). The APPL2 antibody was from Abnova (Heidelberg, Germany), pY608-IRS1 antibody was from Biosource International (Camarillo, CA, USA), uncoupling protein (UCP) 3 antibody from Thermo Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA), total IRS1 and anti

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T V Novoselova Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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R Larder University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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D Rimmington University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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C Lelliott Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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E H Wynn Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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R J Gorrigan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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P H Tate Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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L Guasti Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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The Sanger Mouse Genetics Project Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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S O’Rahilly University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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A J L Clark Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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D W Logan Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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A P Coll University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Disease Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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L F Chan Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, UK

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according to standard protocols. Ucp1 immunohistochemistry was carried out using brown fat paraffin sections anti- Ucp1 antibody (1/500) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (ab10983, Abcam) followed by detection using anti-rabbit HRP antibody

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Gabriela Capllonch-Amer Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Miquel Sbert-Roig Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Bel M Galmés-Pascual Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Ana M Proenza Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Isabel Lladó Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Magdalena Gianotti Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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Francisco J García-Palmer Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
Grup Metabolisme Energètic i Nutrició, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7,5. E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain

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1 (DRP1, 80 kDa), uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3, 34 kDa), and α tubulin (55 kDa) were from Santa Cruz; COX subunit 4 (COX4, 16 kDa) was from MitoSciences (Eugene, OR, USA); and adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1, 49 kDa) from Alpha Diagnostics. Development

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Maria Namwanje Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

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Longhua Liu Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

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Michelle Chan Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

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Nikki Aaron Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pharmacology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

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Michael J Kraakman Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

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Li Qiang Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

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Introduction White adipose tissue (WAT) is characterized by unilocular lipid-filled adipocytes, low Ucp1 expression and a primary function of energy storage, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) is characterized by multilocular lipid droplets

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Hassina Ould Hamouda Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France
Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France

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Bernadette Delplanque Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France
Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France

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Yacir Benomar Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France
Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France

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Delphine Crépin Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France
Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France

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Laure Riffault Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France
Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France

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Pascale LeRuyet Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France

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Cécile Bonhomme Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France

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Mohammed Taouis Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France
Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Neuroendocrinologie Moléculaire de la Prise Alimentaire, Service Nutrition, Lactalis Nutrition Parc d'Activité de Torcé‐secteur Est, University of Paris‐Sud, UMR 8195, F-91405 Orsay, France

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′-TGGCGGTGGTCGGAGATAC-3′, reverse: 5′-GGCAAGGGAGGTCGTCTGTC-3′), Ucp3 (forward: 5′-CCCAAAGGAACGGACCAC-3, reverse: 5′-GGTTCTGTAGGCATCCATAGTC-3′), Adipor 1 (forward: 5′-GCTGGCCTTTATGCTGCTCG-3′, reverse: 5′-TCTAGGCCGTAACGGAATTC-3′), Adipor2 (forward: 5

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Liping Luo Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, 
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Meilian Liu Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, 
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

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classified into two subtypes: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). BAT, different from WAT which stores extra energy as TGs, dissipates chemical energy as heat via high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and combats hypothermia and

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Yang Chen Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mingyue Zhao Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Chenhao Wang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Huaizhen Wen Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Yuntao Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mingxu Lu Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Salah Adlat Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Tingting Zheng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mingjiao Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Dan Li Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Xiaodan Lu Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Mengwei Guo Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Hongyu Chen Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Luqing Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Xuechao Feng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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Yaowu Zheng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China

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expresses high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and can generate heat quickly from lipid oxidation through uncoupling respiratory chain ( Richard et al . 2010 , Richard & Picard 2011 , Esteve Ràfols 2014 , Shimizu & Walsh 2015 ). BAT function is

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