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Qiuhua Yang Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Jiean Xu Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Qian Ma Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Zhiping Liu Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Yaqi Zhou State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen, China

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Yongfeng Cai State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen, China

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Xiaoxiao Mao Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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David Stepp Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Neal Weintraub Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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David J Fulton Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Mei Hong State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University, Shenzhen, China

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Yuqing Huo Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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in the inflammatory responses of both adipose and liver tissues. In vitro , the knockdown of PFKFB3 in primary HAMECs exhibits decreased PA-induced endothelial inflammation by suppressing activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Taken

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A D Dobrian Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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M A Hatcher Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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J J Brotman Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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E V Galkina Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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P Taghavie-Moghadam Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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H Pei Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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B A Haynes Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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J L Nadler Departments of Physiological Sciences, Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Internal Medicine, Division of Inflammation Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700W Olney Road, Norfolk, Virginia 23505, USA

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Introduction Excessive accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (AT) is independently associated with cardiovascular disease ( See et al . 2007 ). In addition, the fat around the conduit vessels such as the aorta as well as the pericardial fat were

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Sebastio Perrini Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Luigi Laviola Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Marcos C Carreira Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Angelo Cignarelli Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Annalisa Natalicchio Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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Francesco Giorgino Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy

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thigh intermuscular adipose tissue, whereas basal GH secretion demonstrated an independent negative association with visceral adipose tissue ( Franco et al . 2006 ). Furthermore, Møller et al . (2009) have recently shown that lipid infusion during GH

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Jing Zhou Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Honggui Li Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Yuli Cai Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Linqiang Ma Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
The Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Destiny Matthews Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Bangchao Lu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangshu, China

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Bilian Zhu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Yanming Chen Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Xiaoxian Qian Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Xiaoqiu Xiao The Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Qifu Li Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Shaodong Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Yuqing Huo Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Liang Zhao Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Yanan Tian Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Qingsheng Li Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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. 2008 , Odegaard et al. 2008 , Menghini et al. 2009 ). In addition, obesity-associated adipose tissue dysfunction has also been implicated to play a critical role in development of NAFLD. Indeed, this role of dysfunctional adipose tissue is

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Antonius Plagge
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Gavin Kelsey Physiological Laboratory, Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK

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Emily L Germain-Lee Physiological Laboratory, Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK

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in brown adipose tissue: neural regulation of type III . Endocrinology 136 2007 – 2012 . Graudal N Galloe A Christensen H Olesen K 1988 The pattern of shortened hand and foot bones in D- and E-brachydactyly and

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M G Gnanalingham Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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A Mostyn Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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D S Gardner Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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T Stephenson Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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M E Symonds Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK

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, spleen, thymus, macrophages, bone marrow, stomach, islets of Langerhans, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, placenta and brain ( Ricquier & Bouillaud 2000 , Pecqueur et al. 2001 ). This recognised wide tissue distribution is based primarily on UCP2 mRNA

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Gisela Helfer School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK

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Qing-Feng Wu State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Introduction Adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome ( Lehr et al . 2012 ). Chemerin, encoded by the gene retinoic acid receptor responder 2 ( Rarres2 ), also known as tazarotene

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Aryane Cruz Oliveira Pinho Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal

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Diana Santos Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, Coimbra, Portugal

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Inês Baldeiras Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal

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Ana Burgeiro Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal

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Emelindo C Leal Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, Coimbra, Portugal

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Eugenia Carvalho Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, Coimbra, Portugal
APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal

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Introduction Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an active endocrine organ that surrounds blood vessels, including small vessels ( Villacorta & Chang 2015 ). PVAT differs between species, and depending on the specific vascular region, it may

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Samuel M Lee Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Jose Muratalla Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Marta Sierra-Cruz Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Jose Cordoba-Chacon Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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patients with NAFLD ( Fernandez-Miranda et al. 2008 ). Other examples would be thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of drugs that are exogenous ligands of PPARγ. TZDs activate PPARγ in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver. In adipose tissue, TZDs increase the

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Zhenguang Zhang University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Agnes E Coutinho University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Tak Yung Man University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Tiina M J Kipari Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

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Patrick W F Hadoke University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Donald M Salter Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Karen E Chapman University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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( Small et al . 2005 , McSweeney et al . 2010 , Michailidou et al . 2012 ). Global 11β-HSD1 deficiency is also pro-angiogenic in other contexts: in the sponge implantation assay ( Small et al . 2005 ); in adipose tissue of obese mice where it is

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