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.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en ). A number of conditions including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers are more prevalent in obese individuals, and worldwide ∼3.4 million deaths each year are related to obesity (WHO: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en

-cell proliferation and an inability to expand islet cell mass with aging. Diabetes onset is accompanied by loss of fat tissue. In contrast, pttg −/− female mice rarely develop diabetes before 1 year of age and the incidence of diabetes in older pttg -null females

Peripheral insulin resistance is characteristic not only for subjects with type 2 diabetes, but a clinically relevant finding also in subjects with type 1 diabetes ( Yki-Järvinen et al . 1987 , Rossetti et al . 1990 , Bingley et al . 2008

Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disorder of pregnancy. It is defined as diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy in patients with no history of diabetes prior to gestation

Introduction Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes ( Libby et al . 2005 ). Diabetes mellitus results in an accelerated arteriosclerotic process, which is not fully explained by classical cardiovascular risk

Introduction Type 1 diabetes is caused by destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, and its incidence is increasing in the modern world ( Tuomilehto 2013 ). Protecting β-cells from inflammation and destruction is an

Introduction The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is steadily rising with approximately one in ten adults affected in industrialized countries ( Danaei et al . 2011 ), necessitating the advent of more effective therapeutic strategies for the

Introduction The etiology of diabetes continues to be a focus of investigation. Both genetic and environmental factors such as toxins, viruses, and diets are believed to play an important role in its pathogenesis ( Mathis et al . 2001 ). A

Introduction Seminal work in the 1960s and 1970s established that insulin secretion is deficient in type 2 diabetes (T2D) ( Bagdade et al . 1967 , Simpson et al . 1968 ). In the last decade, a number of genome-wide association studies (GWAS

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic isorder characterized by hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance (IR) and insulin secretion deficiency due to β-cell dysfunction. The global prevalence of T2DM is