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Chirine Toufaily Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Gauthier Schang Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Xiang Zhou Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Philipp Wartenberg Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany

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Ulrich Boehm Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany

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John P Lydon Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ferdinand Roelfsema Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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and fertility are otherwise intact in these animals. The data suggest that progesterone-negative feedback at the level of the pituitary may be negligible, but that PR contributes to positive feedback effects of estrogens at this level of the HPG axis

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Seiji Tsutsumi
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Xi Zhang
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Keiko Takata
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Kazuhiro Takahashi
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Richard H Karas Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Hirohisa Kurachi
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Michael E Mendelsohn Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Introduction Physiological effects of estrogen on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are mediated by two intracellular estrogen receptors (ESR1 and 2), which regulate transcription of target genes following ligand activation through binding to

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Hiroto Kobayashi Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Saori Yoshida Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Ying-Jie Sun Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Nobuyuki Shirasawa Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Akira Naito Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan

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Introduction Estrogen is an important factor to regulate the postnatal sexual maturation in the rat. For half a century, it has been reported that the steroid hormone evokes functions of uterine tissue, the brain, and the pituitary during postnatal

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Sergio A Arispe Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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Betty Adams Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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Thomas E Adams Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA

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special emphasis on studies in the ovine species . Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 110 62 – 73 . ( doi:10.1076/apab.110.1.62.898 ) Clarke IJ Cummins JT 1984 Direct pituitary effects of estrogen and progesterone on gonadotropin

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J J Whyte Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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A P Alexenko Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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A M Davis Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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M R Ellersieck Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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E D Fountain Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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C S Rosenfeld Departments of Biomedical Sciences,
Animal Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center,
Food Systems and Bioengineering, Agriculture Experiment Station-Statistics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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testosterone concentrations during the luteal phase of the cycle but lower estradiol concentrations ( Dorgan et al. 2003 ). In the light of these previous studies, we have examined the serum concentrations of testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and

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C Dosiou
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A E Hamilton Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

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Y Pang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

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M T Overgaard Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

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S Tulac Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

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J Dong Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

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P Thomas Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

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L C Giudice Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA

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Introduction Modulation of the immune system by progesterone in women has been suggested by a number of observations. First, the course and symptoms of autoimmune diseases change during pregnancy and different phases of the menstrual cycle. For

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B Poonia Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA

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L Walter Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA

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J Dufour Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA

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R Harrison Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA

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P A Marx Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA

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R S Veazey Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Centre, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA

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link’ in the squamous epithelium. Hormone levels Levels of serum progesterone and estrogen were examined from the seven macaques described above using a commercial Coat-A-Count kit (Diagnostic Products Co., Los

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José E Sánchez-Criado Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain

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Carmina Bellido Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain

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Rafaela Aguilar Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain

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José C Garrido-Gracia Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain

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, Aguilar R & Blanco A 2004 Biological role of pituitary estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ on progesterone receptor expression and action and on gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 79 247 –258

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K H Al-Gubory Unité Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Département de Physiologie Animale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75743 Paris cedex 15, France

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S Camous Unité Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Département de Physiologie Animale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75743 Paris cedex 15, France

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G Germain Unité Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Département de Physiologie Animale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75743 Paris cedex 15, France

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P Bolifraud Unité Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Département de Physiologie Animale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75743 Paris cedex 15, France

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A Nicole Unité Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Département de Physiologie Animale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75743 Paris cedex 15, France

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I Ceballos-Picot Unité Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction, Département de Physiologie Animale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 78352 Jouy-en-Josas cedex, France
Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75743 Paris cedex 15, France

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cause of early embryonic loss and pregnancy failure in sheep and cattle ( Ayalon 1978 , Ashworth et al. 1989 , Shelton et al. 1990 , Thatcher et al. 1994 ). Thus, researchers have specifically proposed progesterone supplementation after breeding

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Natalia Pavón Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, Mexico

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Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico

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Juan Carlos Gallardo-Pérez Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, Mexico

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Cristina Uribe-Alvarez Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico

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Nadia A Rivero-Segura Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química UNAM, México D.F., Mexico

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Edgar Ricardo Vazquez-Martínez Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química UNAM, México D.F., Mexico

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Marco Cerbón Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química UNAM, México D.F., Mexico

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Eduardo Martínez-Abundis División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, México, Mexico

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Juan Carlos Torres-Narvaez Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, Mexico

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Raúl Martínez-Memije Departamento de Instrumentación Electromecánica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan DF, México, Mexico

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Francisco-Javier Roldán-Gómez Departamento de Consulta externa, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, Mexico

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Salvador Uribe-Carvajal Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., Mexico

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Introduction Estrogens (17β-estradiol, estrone and progesterone) control diverse reproductive system functions. Their participation in other physiological processes such as cognition ( Sherwin 1999 ), cardiovascular function ( Stevenson 2000

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