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catalyzed by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs). To date, 14 types of 17β-HSDs have been identified ( Peltoketo et al. 1999 , Luu-The 2001 , Mindnich et al. 2004 ). In the human, a clear substrate specificity pattern for estrogen and
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Introduction Estrogen (E) control of cell proliferation is a complex process that is subject to regulation at many levels. The nuclear receptor/transcription factor estrogen receptor-α (ESR1) is the key regulatory participant, transducing E action
Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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permeability, a non-genomic response of estrogen action, necessary for initiation of implantation and decidualization ( Laloraya et al. 1989 ). A role has been demonstrated for ovarian steroids, primarily estrogen, in the modulation of infiltration and
Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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& Hwang 2017 , Yan & Hwang 2019 ). Interestingly, several receptors with undiscovered ligands, known as orphan receptors, may affect body fluid ionic and osmotic homeostasis. Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), which principally include ERRα, ERRβ, and
Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, US Meat Animal Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Department of Physiology, Department of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, The University of Vermont, 570 Main Street, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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-late pregnancy and is expressed throughout lactation ( Iwasaka et al . 2000 ). Along these lines, precocious lactogenesis in neonatally-estrogenized nulliparous female mice coincides with elevated expression of PRL mRNA in the mammary gland ( Hovey et al
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Introduction Estrogens play an important role in many normal and pathological conditions associated with leukocyte infiltration. These conditions include dynamic changes in the female reproductive tract as well as autoimmune and
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Many studies have shown that the oral mucosa and salivary glands are sensitive to estrogen action. However, the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) within these tissues is an area of controversy. ERs exist as two subtypes (ERalpha and ERbeta), and we hypothesized that the incongruity between ER expression and estrogen sensitivity may result from differential expression of ER subtypes in oral tissues. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed oral mucosal and salivary gland samples for ERalpha and ERbeta protein expression by immunohistochemistry from a cross-section of patients attending hospital for surgical problems of the head and neck. ERalpha was not detected in oral buccal and gingival epithelium or in salivary glands. In contrast, ERbeta was widely expressed at high levels in all oral tissues studied. Within these tissues, ERbeta was observed primarily in keratinocytes and salivary gland acinar and ductal cells. Our results demonstrating the expression of only the ERbeta subtype within oral tissues may explain the contradictory results from previous studies investigating ER expression in these tissues. Importantly, these results suggest that estrogens may act via ERbeta in oral tissues and explain the effect of hormonal changes on the oral mucosa as well as on saliva secretion and composition.
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growth and differentiation of reproductive tissues and in the maintenance of fertility. The biological actions of estrogens are mediated by binding to one of the two specific estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα or ERβ, which belong to the nuclear receptor
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Introduction Today it is still unclear which role the skeletal muscle plays in the main problem of osteoporosis, the traumatic event (fall), the osteoporotic fracture, and its healing process. A decline in estrogen production at menopause is
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The biological actions of estrogens on target cells are mediated by two nuclear receptors: the estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and the recently characterized ER beta. In the male rat, the physiological role of estrogens involves multiple actions, from masculinization of brain areas related to reproductive function and sexual behavior to regulation of testicular development and function. Paradoxically, however, administration of high doses of estrogen during the critical period of neonatal differentiation results in an array of defects in the reproductive axis that permanently disrupt male fertility. The focus of this study was to characterize the effects and mechanism(s) of action of neonatal estrogenization on the pattern of testicular ER alpha and beta gene expression during postnatal development. To this end, groups of male rats were treated at day 1 of age with estradiol benzoate (500 microg/rat), and testicular ER alpha and ER beta mRNA levels were assayed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR from the neonatal period until puberty (days 1-45 of age). Furthermore, the expression of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA was evaluated, given the partially overlapping pattern of tissue distribution of ER alpha, ER beta and AR messages in the developing rat testis. In addition, potential mechanisms for neonatal estrogen action were explored. Thus, to discriminate between direct effects and indirect actions through estrogen-induced suppression of serum gonadotropins, the effects of neonatal estrogenization were compared with those induced by blockade of gonadotropin secretion with a potent LHRH antagonist in the neonatal period. Our results indicate that neonatal exposure to estrogen differentially alters testicular expression of alpha and beta ER messages: ER alpha mRNA levels, as well as those of AR, were significantly decreased, whereas relative and total expression levels of ER beta mRNA increased during postnatal/prepubertal development after neonatal estrogen exposure, a phenomenon that was not mimicked by LHRH antagonist treatment. It is concluded that the effect of estrogen on the expression levels of ER alpha and beta mRNAs probably involves a direct action on the developing testis, and cannot be attributed to estrogen-induced suppression of gonadotropin secretion during the neonatal period.
