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Kook Hwan Kim Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea

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Myung-Shik Lee Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
Severance Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei‐ro, Seodaemun‐gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea

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, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; GLP1, glucagon-like peptide 1. The role of stress-induced FGF21 in physiological conditions FGF21 and nutritional status FGF21 expression is regulated by nutritional status, and changes in the FGF21

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Wenjuan Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Harry Kevin Lau Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Dong Ok Son Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Tianru Jin Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institutes, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Yehong Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhaoyun Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yiming Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Gerald J Prud’homme Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Qinghua Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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the β-cell mass and provide improved treatments for T1D and T2D subjects. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released from gastrointestinal L cells in response to food ingestion, and has been currently used for the treatment of T2

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Jung-Hoon Kang Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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Seo-Yoon Chang Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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Hyun-Jong Jang Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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Dong-Bin Kim Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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Gyeong Ryul Ryu Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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Seung Hyun Ko Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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In-Kyung Jeong Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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Yang-Hyeok Jo Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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Myung-Jun Kim Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Departments of

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or reduce iNOS expression may be necessary for the prevention or inhibition of β-cell damage. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its potent agonist exendin-4 (EX-4) have received great attention because of their insulinotropic and β

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Srilaxmi Kalavalapalli Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Fernando Bril Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Joy Guingab Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Ariana Vergara Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Timothy J Garrett Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Nishanth E Sunny Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

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Kenneth Cusi Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA

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under investigation for NASH, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have shown a significant promise for the treatment of NAFLD ( Ding et al. 2006 , Blonde & Russell-Jones 2009 , Cusi 2012 , Armstrong et al. 2013 , 2016 a , b

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Katrine Dahl Bjørnholm Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Department of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark

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Gro Klitgaard Povlsen Department of Diabetes Pharmacology 1, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark

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Maria Elm Ougaard Department of Pathology and Imaging, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark

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Charles Pyke Department of Pathology and Imaging, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark

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Günaj Rakipovski Department of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark

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Pernille Tveden-Nyborg Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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Jens Lykkesfeldt Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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Gry Freja Skovsted Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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Gaoatswe G Lynch L Corrigan MA Woods C O’Connell J O’Shea D 2014 Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue therapy directly modulates innate immune-mediated inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Diabetologia 57 781 – 784

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Weiwei Xu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Jamie Morford Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Franck Mauvais-Jarvis Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Discovery Research and Gender Medicine Laboratory, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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induces intra-islet glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production and enhances beta cell survival . Diabetologia 54 2067 – 2076 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2181-x ) 10.1007/s00125-011-2181-x 21567300 Lubahn DB Joseph DR Sullivan PM Willard

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Elizabeth M Simpson School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Iain J Clarke School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Christopher J Scott School of Dentistry and Medical Science, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Cyril P Stephen School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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Alexandra Rao School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

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Allan J Gunn School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia

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OVX ewes ( Iqbal et al. 2006 ). Another circulating appetite-regulating peptide is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) encoded by the preproglucagon gene ( GCG ) ( Huda et al. 2006 , Sandoval & D'Alessio 2015 , Sekar 2017 ). GLP-1 is an anorexigen

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Eun-Young Lee Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

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Xilin Zhang Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

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Junki Miyamoto Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan

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Ikuo Kimura Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan

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Tomoaki Taknaka Department of Molecular Diagnosis, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

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Kenichi Furusawa Drug Fostering and Evolution Coordinating Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan

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Takahito Jomori Drug Fostering and Evolution Coordinating Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan

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Kosuke Fujimoto Department of Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan

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Satoshi Uematsu Department of Mucosal Immunology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan

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Takashi Miki Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan

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Introduction Oral ingestion of carbohydrate triggers secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), the major incretins that inhibit the rise in blood glucose levels by potentiating insulin

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Erica Yeo Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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Patricia L Brubaker Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

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Deborah M Sloboda Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

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secretion, appetite regulation and gut motility) ( Gibbs et al. 1997 , Suzuki et al. 2010 ). However, of all the potential endocrine factors that could contribute to maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is

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Catia Martins School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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Linda M Morgan School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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Stephen R Bloom School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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M Denise Robertson School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London W12 ONN, UK

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), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) ( Blundell 1991 , King et al. 1997 b ). These metabolic and endocrine signals are then received and processed by specific areas in the hypothalamus and brainstem

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