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Ryan Paul University of Auckland Waikato Clinical School, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Kim Whiteman ManukaMed LP, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Shelley J Falconer AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Jenny M Oldham AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Ferenc Jeanplong AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Kenneth G Matthews AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Heather K Smith Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand

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Mark Thomas ManukaMed LP, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Trevor Watson AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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Christopher D McMahon ManukaMed LP, Hamilton, New Zealand
AgResearch Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

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. 2010 ). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) is widely recognised to be the major regulator of post-natal growth and sexually dimorphic growth ( Baker et al. 1993 , Liu et al. 1993 , Lupu et al. 2001 ). Global deletion of IGF1 results in mice

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Xiaoqin Fu
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Shotaro Nishimura
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Tom E Porter
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-stimulating hormone, somatotrophs secrete growth hormone (GH) and lactotrophs secrete prolactin (PRL). Although morphological studies suggest that all of these cell types arise from a progenitor cell type in Rathke’s pouch ( Dasen & Rosenfeld 2001 ), differentiation

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Michelle C Melo Department of Morphology, Reproductive Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Department of Morphology, Reproductive Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Eva Andersson Department of Morphology, Reproductive Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Per Gunnar Fjelldal Department of Morphology, Reproductive Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Jan Bogerd Department of Morphology, Reproductive Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Luiz R França Department of Morphology, Reproductive Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Geir Lasse Taranger Department of Morphology, Reproductive Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Rüdiger W Schulz Department of Morphology, Reproductive Biology Group, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Marine Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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water temperature can affect the timing of puberty, the specific roles of these conditions and their possible interactions are not well established ( Fjelldal et al . 2011 ). Moreover, sexual maturation occurs at different water salinities in salmon

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Julia N C Toews Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Geoffrey L Hammond Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Victor Viau Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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glucocorticoid excess . PNAS 111 E2482 – E 2491 . ( https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323681111 ) Murray HE Simonian SX Herbison AE Gillies GE 1999 Ontogeny and sexual differentiation of somatostatin biosynthesis and secretion in the hypothalamic

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Yang Zhang Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Weimin Zhang Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences
Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Huiyi Yang Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Wenliang Zhou Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Chaoqun Hu Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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Lihong Zhang Biology Department, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology of Guangdong Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences

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-induced sex change of the orange-spotted grouper, a protogynous sex-changing fish ( Zhang et al . 2004 ). In mammals, it has been shown that the conversion of androgens to estrogens in the brain is essential for brain sexual differentiation toward male

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Márcia Santos Wagner Endocrine Division, Thyroid Section, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-033, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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Simone Magagnin Wajner Endocrine Division, Thyroid Section, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-033, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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Ana Luiza Maia Endocrine Division, Thyroid Section, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-033, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

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reports led to the widespread view that the testis was unaffected by iodothyronines. Additionally, clinical data correlating male sexual function with thyroid disorders are limited, probably because thyroid diseases are more common in females than in males

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Lucas Monje Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Jorgelina Varayoud Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Enrique H Luque Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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Jorge G Ramos Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Casilla de Correo 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina

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, estrogens are crucial for sexual differentiation of the central nervous system ( Arnold & Gorski 1984 ). In mammals, α-fetoprotein protects the embryonic female brain from estrogenic action ( Bakker et al. 2006 ) by strongly binding circulating estrogens

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Katja J Teerds Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Human and Animal Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Eddy Rijntjes Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Human and Animal Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Margarita B Veldhuizen-Tsoerkan Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Human and Animal Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Focko F G Rommerts Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Human and Animal Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Mieke de Boer-Brouwer Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Human and Animal Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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. In rats, two defined periods of proliferation and differentiation can be discerned before the final population of Leydig cells in the adult testis is established. The first wave occurs during foetal life and results in a foetal population of Leydig

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Filip Callewaert Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Mieke Sinnesael Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Evelien Gielen Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Steven Boonen Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Dirk Vanderschueren Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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number of important physiological processes, including sexual differentiation of the genitalia, sexual maturation, and reproduction. Sex hormones also have an impact on skeletal homeostasis, because they add bone during puberty and subsequently maintain

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William Zawatski Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics

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Mary M Lee
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be influenced by either prenatal or postnatal exposure to EDCs, depending on the compound and species. During early stages of CNS development and sexual differentiation, EDC exposure can disrupt many aspects of the HPG axis, from neuroendocrine

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