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-day-old mice. Additionally, some evidence of sexual dimorphism was observed in the hypothalamic expression of neuropeptides during development. While 12-day-oldmale Lep ob/ob mice exhibited decreased hypothalamic expression of Cartpt , Hcrt , Pmch
Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Animal Facility, Department of Clinical Pathology, ISPUP-EPIUnit, CINTESIS – Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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impaired glycemic control ( Maloney et al . 2011 ) or for a worse metabolic profile ( Sinclair et al . 2007 ) to a greater extent than female offspring. Although sex hormones must be considered as plausible players in sexual dimorphism, particularly in
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neurons. For example, it has been reported that POMC-specific subtypes drive sexual dimorphism in energy homeostasis ( Burke et al. 2016 , Wang et al. 2018 ). Consistently, in a recent study, Gonza´lez-Garcı´a et al. found that estradiol (E2
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studies as being linked to the development and/or regression of the X-zone. Sex steroid hormones The sexual dimorphism of X-zone regression suggests a possible role of sex steroid hormones on inner cortical cells. In male mice, castration increases
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Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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into E2 was required remained debated (see discussion in the ‘Replacement and pharmacological studies in adult rodents’ section). Physical activity is a sexually dimorphic trait in rodents ( Eikelboom & Mills 1988 ), with females being more active than
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al . 2011 a ), as well sexual dimorphism in the golden hamster gland ( McMasters & Hoffman 1984 , Santillo et al . 2008 , Coto-Montes et al . 2009 ). Furthermore, significant evidence suggests that this gland is a target for thyroid hormones (TH
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sexual differences may be easily reversed by changes in sex hormones; castration of adult males increases the intraglandular content of these pigments, and administration of androgens to adult females decreases their intraglandular content ( Hoffman
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-specific differences. Conversely, the Y chromosome contains novel coding genes ( Gubbay et al. 1990 , Yamauchi et al. 2014 ), which may influence placenta function and account for the observed sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, hormone production by the fetal gonads
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
Department of Biochemistry and the Environmental Science Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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melanocortin-3 receptor mRNA expression in mouse pituitary glands in vivo and in vitro . Neuroendocrinology 80 143 –151. Melo AC & Ramsdell JS 2001 Sexual dimorphism of brain aromatase activity in medaka: induction of a
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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different peripheral tissues, distinct AR-mediated effects on glucocorticoid regulation thus underlie the reduced GR-regulated transcriptional activity. Sexual dimorphism exists in metabolic processes and affects incidence of metabolic disease. For example