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Wenjing Wu Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Jiayao Fu Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Yijing Gu Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Yu Wei Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Pengfei Ma Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Junhua Wu Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Osteoporosis commonly occurs in postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency and can cause serious bone loss and fractures ( Rachner et al. 2011 ). It is now known that estrogen acts directly on osteoblast lineage cells

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CP Carron
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DM Meyer
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VW Engleman
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JG Rico
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PG Ruminski
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RL Ornberg
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WF Westlin
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GA Nickols
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Osteoclasts are actively motile on bone surfaces and undergo alternating cycles of migration and resorption. Osteoclast interaction with the extracellular matrix plays a key role in the osteoclast resorptive process and a substantial body of evidence suggests that integrin receptors are important in osteoclast function. These integrin receptors bind to the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence found in a variety of extracellular matrix proteins and it is well established that the interaction of osteoclast alpha v beta 3 integrin with the RGD motif within bone matrix proteins is important in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. In this study, we characterized the effects of two synthetic peptidomimetic antagonists of alpha v beta 3, SC-56631 and SC-65811, on rabbit osteoclast adhesion to purified matrix proteins and bone, and on bone resorption in vitro. SC-56631 and SC-65811 are potent inhibitors of vitronectin binding to purified alpha v beta 3. Both SC-56631 and SC-65811 inhibited osteoclast adhesion to osteopontin- and vitronectin-coated surfaces and time-lapse video microscopy showed that osteoclasts rapidly retract from osteopontin-coated surfaces when exposed to SC-56631 and SC-65811. SC-56631 and SC-65811 blocked osteoclast-mediated bone resorption in a dose-responsive manner. Further analysis showed that SC-65811 and SC-56631 reduced the number of resorption pits produced per osteoclast and the average pit size. SC-65811 was a more potent inhibitor of bone resorption and the combination of reduced pit number and size led to a 90% inhibition of bone resorption. Surprisingly, however, osteoclasts treated with SC-65811, SC-56631 or the disintegrin echistatin, at concentrations that inhibit bone resorption did not inhibit osteoclast adhesion to bone. These results suggest that alphavbeta3 antagonists inhibited bone resorption by decreasing osteoclast bone resorptive activity or efficiency but not by inhibiting osteoclast adhesion to bone per se.

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Mone Zaidi The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Maria I New The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Harry C Blair The Pittsburgh VA Medical Center and Departments of Pathology and of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Alberta Zallone Department of Histology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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Ramkumarie Baliram The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Terry F Davies The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Christopher Cardozo The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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James Iqbal The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Li Sun The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Tony Yuen The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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) were expressed on bone cells and that their haploinsufficiency in Tshr +/ − mice caused osteopenia without affecting the thyroid function ( Abe et al . 2003 ). Likewise, receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHRs) are expressed in

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K David Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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V Dubois Basic and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, UGent, Ghent, Belgium

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A Verhulst Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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V Sommers Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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D Schollaert Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven

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L Deboel Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven

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K Moermans Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven

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G Carmeliet Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven

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P D’Haese Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

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D Vanderschueren Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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F Claessens Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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P Evenepoel Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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B Decallonne Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a very common disease affecting up to 15% of the general population, and its prevalence markedly increases with age ( https://nccd.cdc.gov/CKD/ ). Chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder

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Chandrika D Mahalingam Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Tanuka Datta Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Rashmi V Patil Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Jaclynn Kreider Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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R Daniel Bonfil Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Keith L Kirkwood Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Steven A Goldstein Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Abdul B Abou-Samra Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Nabanita S Datta Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Urology and Pathology, Departments of Craniofacial Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA

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Introduction Osteoporosis, which is characterized by reduced bone mass, is a major health concern around the world. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted from the parathyroid glands, is involved in calcium homeostasis and is a critical mediator of

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I Suponitzky
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M Weinreb
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Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been shown to possess anabolic properties when administered systemically. All the experiments performed so far examined long bones from animals of varying age and bone status. In this study we compared the changes in bone mass of long bones (femur, tibia and humerus) to those in calvariae after a 3-week daily administration of 6 mg/kg PGE2 into 3-week-old rats. This regimen inhibited body weight gain (by 14.1%) as well as longitudinal growth of long bones (by 2.2-3.5%) but increased their mass. Ash weight (measuring both cancellous and compact bone) increased by 10.1-14.1% but tibial cancellous bone area was elevated by 54%. Radial growth was slightly reduced due to transient inhibition of mineral apposition rate at the periosteal envelope but the expansion of the marrow cavity was inhibited to a greater extent, resulting in an 8.1% increase in the relative compact bone area. The increased bone mass was associated with greater mechanical strength of the femoral neck (24.2% increase in fracture load and 19% in stiffness). In contrast, PGE2 administration did not affect calvarial thickness or mineral apposition rate but increased its density, i.e. reduced the area of marrow spaces due to stimulation of endocortical bone formation at this site. The pattern of bone mass changes documented in this study closely correlates with that of the induced expression of early-response genes following a single dose of PGE2 as we recently reported. These data, therefore, support the hypothesis that in vivo administration of an anabolic dose of PGE2 increases bone formation and augments bone mass largely by stimulating the recruitment of new osteoblasts via induction of the proliferation and/or differentiation of bone marrow osteogenic precursors.

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H H Farman Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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K L Gustafsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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P Henning Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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L Grahnemo Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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V Lionikaite Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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S Movérare-Skrtic Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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J Wu Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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H Ryberg Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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A Koskela Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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J Tuukkanen Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, MRC Oulu and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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E R Levin Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
The Long Beach VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA

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C Ohlsson Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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M K Lagerquist Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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ovariectomy of female rodents, leads to bone loss and treatment with estrogen in females protects against bone loss ( Lindsay et al. 1976 , Lindberg et al. 2002 ). In men, studies have shown that estrogens have a principal role in bone maturation and

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M. HARRISON
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RUSSELL FRASER
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SUMMARY

Pure calcium deficiency produces osteoporosis, or bone atrophy, in rats, while vitamin D deficiency as well as calcium deficiency leads to osteomalacia, or thin bones with wide osteoid seams. The retention of a dose of strontium in the osteoporotic rats is greater than normal, and this indicates rapid bone formation. The immediate cause of the bone thinning must therefore be an increase in the rate of bone resorption, contrary to the classical concepts of osteoporosis.

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Niklas Andersson Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Ulrika Islander Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Emil Egecioglu Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Elin Löf Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Charlotte Swanson Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Sofia Movérare-Skrtic Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Klara Sjögren Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Marie K Lindberg Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Hans Carlsten Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Gröna stråket 8 SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 9, Box 434 SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden

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Introduction Estrogens are of importance for the regulation of bone metabolism in both males and females. It is generally believed that estrogens exert their bone sparing effects directly on the cells within the bone compartment

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Jung-Min Koh Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young-Sun Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Chang-Hyun Byun Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Eun-Ju Chang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hyunsoo Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Yong Hee Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hong-Hee Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Ghi Su Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Introduction There is increasing evidence of a biochemical link between increased oxidative stress and reduced bone density. The levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin (PG) F 2 -α, a biomarker of oxidative stress, were found to be negatively

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