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Sophie M T Wehrens Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Shelagh M Hampton Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Rebecca E Finn Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Debra J Skene Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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given are those obtained during the week prior to the study (see Materials and Methods). Prior to the laboratory session In order to maintain or establish regular circadian rhythms (i.e. for the shift workers to be adapted for the laboratory study) and

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Karolína Liška Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martin Sládek Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

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Vendula Čečmanová Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

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Alena Sumová Laboratory of Biological Rhythms, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

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SHAM group exhibited robust circadian rhythms with mutual phases as expected according to the TTFL model, that is, Bmal1 and Nr1d1 acrophases in antiphase, and the Per1 acrophase delayed to Nr1d1 and advanced to Per2 ( Table 1 – cosinor

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Michaela D Wharfe School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Caitlin S Wyrwoll School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Jeremy T Smith School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Cassandra Yap School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Michael W Clarke School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy, Metabolomics Australia, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, M309, Perth 6009, Australia

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, referred to as ‘peripheral clocks’. The circadian rhythm of circulating glucocorticoids (generated via the HPA axis) provides a key coordination link between the central SCN clock and these peripheral clocks ( Hastings et al . 2007 ), and as such plays a

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Lucia Gajdosechova Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Katarina Krskova Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Ana Belen Segarra Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Andrea Spolcova Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Maciej Suski Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Rafal Olszanecki Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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Stefan Zorad Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Unit of Physiology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia

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oxytocin receptors on isolated rat fat cells . European Journal of Biochemistry 56 295 – 303 . ( doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02233.x ) Bray MS Young ME 2007 Circadian rhythms in the development of obesity: potential role for the circadian

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Andreas Nygaard Madsen
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Gitte Hansen
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Sarah Juel Paulsen
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Kirsten Lykkegaard
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Mads Tang-Christensen
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Harald S Hansen Rheoscience A/S, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Neurology Service, Department of Neurology and Neurosciencies, NovoNordisk A/S, Rødovre 2610, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Barry E Levin Rheoscience A/S, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Neurology Service, Department of Neurology and Neurosciencies, NovoNordisk A/S, Rødovre 2610, Copenhagen, Denmark
Rheoscience A/S, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Neurology Service, Department of Neurology and Neurosciencies, NovoNordisk A/S, Rødovre 2610, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Philip Just Larsen
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Lotte Bjerre Knudsen Rheoscience A/S, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Neurology Service, Department of Neurology and Neurosciencies, NovoNordisk A/S, Rødovre 2610, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Keld Fosgerau
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Niels Vrang
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was measured in duplicate at all time points using a commercially available insulin ELISA assay (Diamyd Diagnostics, Stockholm, Sweden). Circadian rhythm hormone profile Measurements of the circadian rhythms of leptin and insulin were performed in rats

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Brototi Roy Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Rajeev Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Sunil Kumar Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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Umesh Rai Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India

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621 – 626 . Hriscu M 2004 Circadian phagocytic activity of neutrophils and its modulation by light . Journal of Applied Biomedicine 2 199 – 211 . Hriscu M Saulea G Vidrascu N Baciu I 1998 Circadian rhythm of phagocytosis in mice

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Atsushi Fukushima Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Ping Yin Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Maho Ishida Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Nobuhiro Sugiyama Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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Jun Arita Department of Physiology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan

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surge generator requires information regarding the light–darkness environment ( Freeman 1994 ); a circadian rhythm generated in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in response to light–darkness cycles entrains the GnRH surge generator to produce the

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Elizabeth K Fletcher Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Monica Kanki Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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James Morgan Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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David W Ray NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Lea M Delbridge Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Peter J Fuller Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Colin D Clyne Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Morag J Young Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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peripheral tissue to anticipate environmental stimuli ( Takahashi & Zatz 1982 ). The GR and MR are not expressed in the SCN but the GR serves as a zeitgeber of the circadian clock in peripheral tissues ( Kino & Chrousos 2011 a ). Circadian rhythm is driven

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Manuela S Bartlang
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Inga D Neumann Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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David A Slattery Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Nicole Uschold-Schmidt Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Dominik Kraus Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
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Stefan O Reber Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Department of Behavioural and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany

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patterns observed in most depressed patients and the recent licensing of agomelatine, which re-synchronizes disrupted circadian rhythms ( Yous et al . (1992) , for review, see de Bodinat et al . (2010) ). In line with this, it was recently shown in

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Esther Isorna Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Nuria de Pedro Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Ana I Valenciano Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Ángel L Alonso-Gómez Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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María J Delgado Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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same daily rhythmicity in its synthesis as observed for pineal melatonin. However, these daily patterns are particular to each species. For example, in goldfish, gut melatonin synthesis shows a clear circadian rhythm that is in phase with that of the

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