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Fan Yang College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Shuang Zhao College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Pingqing Wang College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Wei Xiang School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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-Lozano et al. 2018 , Navarro 2020 ). For example, in the case of negative energy balance in which fasting leads to energy/nutrient deficiency, the onset of puberty and the acquisition of fertility are often delayed or inhibited to ensure the survival of

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Georgia Balsevich Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Andres Uribe Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Klaus V Wagner Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Jakob Hartmann Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Sara Santarelli Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Christiana Labermaier Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Mathias V Schmidt Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Introduction The global prevalence of obesity is rising ( Yach et al . 2006 ), emphasizing the need to decipher the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying energy balance. Evidence indicates that chronic stress is a risk factor for obesity

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Hiroyuki Shimizu Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan

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Kinji Inoue Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan

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Masatomo Mori Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan

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. 2003 ). The important roles that POMC and MC4R play in the regulation of energy balance are evident from the presence of severe obesity in gene-knockout mice ( Huszar et al. 1997 , Yaswen et al. 1999 ) and in human subjects with mutations ( Krude

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Z Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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P H Bisschop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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E Foppen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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H C van Beeren Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A Kalsbeek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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A Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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powerful determinant of BAT activity ( Lopez et al . 2013 ). Thus, we expect that the present technique will enable studies on long-term metabolic consequence of central T 3 on energy balance in addition to glucose metabolism. Finally, as a recent study

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Changjie Han Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA

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Yan Jiao Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA

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Qingguo Zhao Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA

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Baisong Lu Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA

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knocking out genes in neurons in energy balance studies ( Cohen et al . 2001 , Mori et al . 2004 ). Expression of cre in neurons is expected to remove the SA sequence in neurons of tr/tr mice, and thus increase the neuronal expression of transcripts 2

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Michael E Symonds Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Mark Pope Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Ian Bloor Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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James Law Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Reham Alagal Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah Bint AbdulRahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Helen Budge Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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production and as an endocrine organ ( Cypess et al. 2014 ). These different functions impact on a range of metabolic functions including appetite control, energy balance, glucose homeostasis, inflammation as well as the reproductive success ( Symonds et

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Shin-ya Ueda Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan

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Takahiro Yoshikawa Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan

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Yoshihiro Katsura Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan

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Tatsuya Usui Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan

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Shigeo Fujimoto Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan

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session, but simply expressed as amount of energy ingested at lunch. In the present studies, we focused on how much energy subjects can consume at lunch after each session. In future studies, it is also worthwhile to evaluate the energy balance in the long

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Hnin ThidarMyint Department of Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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Hiroko Yoshida Department of Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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Tetsuya Ito Department of Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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Hideto Kuwayama Department of Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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elevated plasma ghrelin may mimic the temporary negative energy balance in heifers because plasma ghrelin levels were elevated in conditions of energy insufficiency ( Korbonits et al. 2004 , Anderson et al. 2005 ). In addition, ghrelin

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María F Andreoli Laboratory of Experimental Neurodevelopment, Institute of Development and Paediatric Research (IDIP), La Plata Children’s Hospital and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Argentine Research Council (CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Jose Donato Jr Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Isin Cakir Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

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Mario Perello Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), National University of La Plata and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA)), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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1077 recruits STAT5, which mediates some effects of leptin on energy balance and reproduction as well as effects of prolactin ( Tups 2009 ). Leptin-induced JAK2 activation also leads to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, which is the

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L van Bloemendaal
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J S ten Kulve
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S E la Fleur Diabetes Centre, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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R G Ijzerman
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M Diamant
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, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer ( Stratton et al . 2000 , Field et al . 2001 ). Obesity is the result of a long-term positive energy balance whereby energy intake surpasses expenditure. The CNS plays a major role in the maintenance of body

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