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-Lozano et al. 2018 , Navarro 2020 ). For example, in the case of negative energy balance in which fasting leads to energy/nutrient deficiency, the onset of puberty and the acquisition of fertility are often delayed or inhibited to ensure the survival of
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Introduction The global prevalence of obesity is rising ( Yach et al . 2006 ), emphasizing the need to decipher the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying energy balance. Evidence indicates that chronic stress is a risk factor for obesity
Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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. 2003 ). The important roles that POMC and MC4R play in the regulation of energy balance are evident from the presence of severe obesity in gene-knockout mice ( Huszar et al. 1997 , Yaswen et al. 1999 ) and in human subjects with mutations ( Krude
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Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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powerful determinant of BAT activity ( Lopez et al . 2013 ). Thus, we expect that the present technique will enable studies on long-term metabolic consequence of central T 3 on energy balance in addition to glucose metabolism. Finally, as a recent study
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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knocking out genes in neurons in energy balance studies ( Cohen et al . 2001 , Mori et al . 2004 ). Expression of cre in neurons is expected to remove the SA sequence in neurons of tr/tr mice, and thus increase the neuronal expression of transcripts 2
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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production and as an endocrine organ ( Cypess et al. 2014 ). These different functions impact on a range of metabolic functions including appetite control, energy balance, glucose homeostasis, inflammation as well as the reproductive success ( Symonds et
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session, but simply expressed as amount of energy ingested at lunch. In the present studies, we focused on how much energy subjects can consume at lunch after each session. In future studies, it is also worthwhile to evaluate the energy balance in the long
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elevated plasma ghrelin may mimic the temporary negative energy balance in heifers because plasma ghrelin levels were elevated in conditions of energy insufficiency ( Korbonits et al. 2004 , Anderson et al. 2005 ). In addition, ghrelin
Argentine Research Council (CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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1077 recruits STAT5, which mediates some effects of leptin on energy balance and reproduction as well as effects of prolactin ( Tups 2009 ). Leptin-induced JAK2 activation also leads to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, which is the
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, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer ( Stratton et al . 2000 , Field et al . 2001 ). Obesity is the result of a long-term positive energy balance whereby energy intake surpasses expenditure. The CNS plays a major role in the maintenance of body