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Xianghui Meng Chinese Medicine Hospital in Linyi City, Linyi, China

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Shuhang Xu Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Guofang Chen Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Michael Derwahl Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St. Hedwig Hospital, Berlin, Germany

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Chao Liu Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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only for type 2 diabetics with or without proliferative thyroid disease but also for those with metabolic syndrome and obesity. However, more associated studies are necessary to analyze the effects of metformin in these patients. Declaration of

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Anshu Gupta Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of
Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of

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Malathi Srinivasan Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of

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Supaporn Thamadilok Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of

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Mulchand S Patel Biochemistry and Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Departments of

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Introduction Recent studies published by the NHANES III survey point to an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in adults as well as in children ( Flegal et al . 2002 ). In 1999–2000, within the US

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Odelia Katz
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Matthew Stuible Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine A, Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

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Nathalia Golishevski Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine A, Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

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Lilach Lifshitz
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Michel L Tremblay Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine A, Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

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Max Gassmann Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine A, Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

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Moshe Mittelman Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine A, Goodman Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

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Drorit Neumann
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in clinical practice and is especially relevant in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is common, affecting more than 30% of adults in the United States ( Feldeisen & Tucker 2007 ), and is referred to as a ‘cluster of metabolic

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M K Piya Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK

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P G McTernan Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK

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S Kumar Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK

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↑ In human obesity, metabolic syndrome, T2DM and CVD McTernan et al . (2002 a , 2006) and Schwartz & Lazar (2011) PAI-1 Potent inhibitor of fibrinolytic pathway Expressed by Sc and Om AT. Positive correlation with abdominal adiposity ↑ In human

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Jinn-Yang Chen Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Deng-Yuan Jian Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Nephrology, Wen-Lin Hemodialysis Unit, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chih-Chan Lien Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Ting Lin Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Ching-Heng Ting Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Luen-Kui Chen Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Ting-Chia Hsu Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Hsuan-Min Huang Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Ting Wu Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Tse-Ting Kuan Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Wen Chao Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heping Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Liang-Yi Wu Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan

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Seng-Wong Huang Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chi-Chang Juan Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Introduction Overweight and obesity now constitute a global public health crisis. They associate with metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, lipid profile abnormalities and elevated blood pressure

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Nattayaporn Apaijai Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Kewarin Jinawong Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Kodchanan Singhanat Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Thidarat Jaiwongkam Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Sasiwan Kerdphoo Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Siriporn C Chattipakorn Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Nipon Chattipakorn Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Introduction Long-term high-fat diet (HFD) consumption is known to cause metabolic syndrome, which is the cluster of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension ( Lai et al. 2014 ). Metabolic syndrome increases the

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Zachary Silver Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Sam Abbott-Tate Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Lindsay Hyland Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Frances Sherratt Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Barbara Woodside Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Alfonso Abizaid Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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glucocorticoid exposure in Cushing’s disease is associated with symptoms of metabolic syndrome such as weight gain, increased adiposity, hypertension and insulin resistance ( Rebuffé-Scrive et al. 1992 , Boscaro et al. 2001 , Bertagna et al. 2009

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Kaiyuan Yang Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Jonathan Gotzmann Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Sharee Kuny Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Hui Huang Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Yves Sauvé Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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Catherine B Chan Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

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diet), they develop a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype characterized by hyperinsulinemia preceding hyperglycemia (insulin resistance), as well as other landmark features of metabolic syndrome, including abdominal adiposity and weight gain, increased

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Henri Wallaschofski Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Center, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst‐Moritz‐Arndt University, Ferdinand‐Sauerbruch‐Strasse, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany

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, showing a promising perspective for personalized medicine in endocrinology. Declaration of interest H W is involved in the subprojects ‘Personalized Metabolomics’, ‘Biobanking’, and ‘Comorbidities in Metabolic Syndrome’ of the project ‘Greifswald Approach

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Bee K Tan Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Jing Chen Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Raghu Adya Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Manjunath Ramanjaneya Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Vanlata Patel Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Harpal S Randeva Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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, hyperandrogenism, and associated with features of the metabolic syndrome, particularly, obesity and diabetes ( Dunaif 1997 , Diamanti-Kandarakis 2006 , Diamanti-Kandarakis et al . 2006 ). The metabolic syndrome is associated with excessive accumulation of

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