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Introduction Thyroid hormones (THs) are critical regulators of cellular differentiation, growth and metabolism. The thyroid secretes 100% of circulating thyroxine (T 4 ). However, it provides a low percentage of serum levels of the most
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Introduction Acute systemic illness induced by bacterial endotoxin (lipopoly saccharide; LPS) administration, results in altered peripheral and central thyroid hormone metabolism, so-called nonthyroidal illness (NTI; Papanicolaou
Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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et al. 1996 ). Carolina E. Hagberg et al. found that Vegfb and nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes have coordinated expression ( Hagberg et al. 2010 ), suggesting a close relationship between VEGFB and energy metabolism. It is reported that
Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Introduction Breakthroughs in metabolic research rely upon in vivo studies using animal models, usually rodents. Assessment of glucose metabolism in rodents is a key component of diabetes research. Although general guidelines for
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acid (FFA) metabolism (adiponectin, lipases), affect insulin sensitivity (PPARγ, insulin receptor substrates), affect lipid metabolism (CD36, apolipoprotein E), and are related to inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein (CRP); reviewed
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. 2010 ), indicating an important role of testosterone in metabolism. Interestingly, estradiol replacement therapy in postmenopausal women may partially provide cardiovascular protection and is suggested to be both estrogen receptor (ER) dependent and
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contribute to a healthy environment for bones. The product of the Scarb1 gene, the scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) is recognized as a high-affinity HDL receptor ( Acton et al . 1996 ) and is known for its role in HDL metabolism ( Cuchel & Rader
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hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stresses and inflammation ( Battiprolu et al . 2010 ). These factors can cause energy metabolism alteration, calcium mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and myocardial
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and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue ( Sethi & Hotamisligil 1999 ). In fact, some authors have suggested that TNFα produced by the adipocyte itself acts as a true adipostat ( Bulló-Bonet et al. 1999 ). Described effects of TNFα on lipid metabolism
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SUMMARY
Carbohydrate metabolism has been investigated in eight patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Seven of the eight had a normal oral glucose tolerance curve; one patient had slightly impaired tolerance. Plasma insulin levels were measured in response to the glucose load and were normal in six and slightly abnormal in two patients; one of the latter had an early increased and the other a delayed insulin response. No definite conclusions are reached regarding the possibility of a significant association between Klinefelter's syndrome and diabetes mellitus.
