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Cyril S Anyetei-Anum Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA

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Vincent R Roggero Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA

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Lizabeth A Allison Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA

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-dependent transcription factors. By modulating the transcription of target genes in response to ligand, TRs play key physiological roles in the regulation of many aspects of development, growth and metabolism, including the regulation of mitochondrial activity ( Flamant

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Ichiro Kaneko Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA

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Rimpi K Saini Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA

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Kristin P Griffin Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA

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G Kerr Whitfield Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA

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Mark R Haussler Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA

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Peter W Jurutka Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA

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sensitive to inhibition by cycloheximide ( Kolek et al . 2005 , Haussler et al . 2010 ), suggesting that the transcriptional effect may be secondary and dependent on the induction of an intermediary transcription factor. However, the time course of FGF23

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Sean C Lema
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Jon T Dickey Physiology Program, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Pacific Northwest Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA

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Irvin R Schultz Physiology Program, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Pacific Northwest Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA

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Penny Swanson
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-binding protein ( bteb ) in the brain. The bteb gene encodes a zinc-fingered transcription factor that binds GC-box domains to regulate TH-mediated gene transcription. Previously, bteb has been shown to be TH regulated in the brain of mice ( Denver et al

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Takahiko Kogai Physiology, Departments of

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Saima Sajid-Crockett Physiology, Departments of

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Lynell S Newmarch Physiology, Departments of

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Yan-Yun Liu Physiology, Departments of

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Gregory A Brent Physiology, Departments of
Physiology, Departments of

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a paired domain-containing transcription factor PAX8, and cAMP-response element-binding proteins, in response to the TSH/cAMP signal ( Taki et al . 2002 ). PI3K inhibition by LY294002 increases the binding of PAX8 to the NUE in PCCL3 rat thyroid

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Itsuo Murakami Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsusima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Biological Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama 703-8516, Japan

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Sakae Takeuchi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsusima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Biological Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama 703-8516, Japan

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Toshiyuki Kudo Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsusima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Biological Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama 703-8516, Japan

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Shizuyo Sutou Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsusima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Biological Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama 703-8516, Japan

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Sumio Takahashi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsusima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
Department of Biological Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama 703-8516, Japan

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. 1989 b ). Cell-type specific expression of the POMC gene in corticotropes and melanotropes is maintained by the expression of Tpit (also called Tbx19), a Tbox family transcription factor, and pituitary homeobox 1 (Pitx1), a homeoprotein transcription

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Yun-Ju Chen Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong Street, Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center,
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC

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Pei-Wen Hsiao Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong Street, Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center,
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC

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Ming-Ting Lee Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong Street, Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center,
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC

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J Ian Mason Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong Street, Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center,
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC

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Ferng-Chun Ke Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong Street, Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center,
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC

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Jiuan-Jiuan Hwang Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155 Linong Street, Section 2, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center,
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
Division of Reproductive and Developmental Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC

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transduction activated in response to growth factors and is thought to contribute to many important cellular functions, including nutrient metabolism, cell growth, apoptosis, and modulating the activity of transcription factors ( Brazil et al. 2004 , Hanada

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L A Santiago
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D A Santiago
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L C Faustino
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A Cordeiro
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P C Lisboa Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil

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F E Wondisford Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil

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C C Pazos-Moura
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T M Ortiga-Carvalho
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Introduction Thyroid hormones (TH) exert profound effects on metabolism and growth. Most of TH actions occur through the nuclear TH receptors (TRs), which are ligand-dependent and ligand-independent transcription factors ( Yen 2001 ). TRs are

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Lei Zhang School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Carol Paddon School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Mark D Lewis School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Fiona Grennan-Jones School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Marian Ludgate School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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-Akt (1:1000, room temperature, 1 h, Santa Cruz); and anti phospho-SYK (Tyr 352, 1:5000, overnight, 4 °C, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). To investigate transcription factors, rabbit antibodies to phospho-PPARγ (Ser 82, 1:1000 overnight, 4 °C, Upstate

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Margaret B Allison Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA

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Martin G Myers Jr Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA

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Tyr 1138 engages the STAT3 transcription factor. LepRb→STAT3 signaling represents the primary mechanism by which leptin regulates energy balance, although the target genes of STAT3 in LepRb neurons remain undiscovered. Leptin also recruits the IRS2→PI

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Ellen H Stolte Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Aurélia F de Mazon Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Karen M Leon-Koosterziel Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Maria Jesiak Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Nic R Bury Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Armin Sturm Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Huub F J Savelkoul Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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B M Lidy Verburg van Kemenade Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Gert Flik Department of Animal Physiology, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Introduction The adrenal cortex of mammals produces cortisol (or corticosterone) as glucocorticoid and aldosterone as mineralocorticoid. The function of these steroids is ultimately specified by the transcription factors (glucocorticoid and

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