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Kristien Vandenborne Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, K U Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Bert De Groef Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, K U Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Sofie M E Geelissen Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, K U Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Eduard R Kühn Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, K U Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Veerle M Darras Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, K U Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Serge Van der Geyten Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Zoological Institute, K U Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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expression via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ( Kretz et al. 1999 , Feldman & Weidenfeld 2002 ). Glucocorticoids have been found to regulate CRF mRNA at two sites, by inhibiting gene transcription and by decreasing the mRNA stability ( Ma et al. 2001

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Marco Colella Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy

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Valeria Nittoli IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy

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Alfonsina Porciello IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy

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Immacolata Porreca Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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Carla Reale IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy

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Filomena Russo IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy

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Nicola Antonino Russo IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy

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Luca Roberto IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy

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Francesco Albano IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy

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Mario De Felice IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy
Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Massimo Mallardo Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Naples, Italy

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Concetta Ambrosino Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy

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tissue/cell-specific levels of T 3 and, finally, on TH receptors (THRs). Local T 3 levels depend on an ensemble of tissue/cell-specific factors, such as deiodinases and TH transporters, which is relatively independent of serum TH levels ( Colella et al

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Cun Li
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Thomas J McDonald
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Guoyao Wu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Animal Science, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA

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Mark J Nijland
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Peter W Nathanielsz
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ARH orexigenic:anorexigenic peptide balance; iii) in the setting of the increased fetal cortisol levels, we have previously described ( Nijland et al . 2010 ) that IUGR increases fetal ARH glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression; and iv) as STAT3

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Jens Mittag Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

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Wiebke Oehr Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

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Heike Heuer Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

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Tuula Hämäläinen Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

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Bent Brachvogel Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

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Ernst Pöschl Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

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Karl Bauer Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Fritz-Lipmann-Institut, Institute of Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

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indicated that A5 not only enhances gonadotropin secretion following stimulation by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH; Kawaminami et al . 2002 ), but also stimulates basal PRL secretion while counteracting thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) induced

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Asghar Ali Colorado State University, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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Callie M Swanepoel Colorado State University, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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Quinton A Winger Colorado State University, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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Paul J Rozance Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Russell V Anthony Colorado State University, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Lab, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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). CSH has high affinity for prolactin (PRL) receptors as well as growth hormone (GH) receptors ( Handwerger & Freemark 2000 ), although a distinct CSH receptor may exist in fetal liver ( Freemark et al. 1987 , Hill et al. 1988 , Pratt et al. 1995

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I M McGonnell Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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R C Fowkes Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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2005 ). In fish, as in other non-mammalian vertebrates, corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) stimulates not only corticotrophin release from the pituitary but also thyrotrophin release ( Seasholtz et al. 2002 ). Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH

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E Oliveira Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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E G Moura Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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A P Santos-Silva Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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A T S Fagundes Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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A S Rios Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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Y Abreu-Villaça Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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J F Nogueira Neto Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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M C F Passos Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute
Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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P C Lisboa Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Lipids, Department of Applied Nutrition, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute

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out by our group concerning other programing models ( Passos et al . 2004 , Bonomo et al . 2007 ), in which BW changes were not accompanied by food intake alterations. Leptin and leptin receptors are both found in skeletal muscle ( Wang et al

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E Mezosi Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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J Szabo Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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E V Nagy Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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A Borbely Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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E Varga Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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G Paragh Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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Z Varga Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Department of Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Hungary

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Introduction Most effects of thyroid hormone are mediated by a direct modulation of gene activity via interaction of the thyroid hormone–nuclear receptor complex with specific DNA sequences ( Ojamaa et al. 1996 ). Several results

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Renata Lopes Araujo
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Bruno Moulin de Andrade
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Álvaro Souto Padron de Figueiredo
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Monique Leandro da Silva
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Michelle Porto Marassi
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Valmara dos Santos Pereira
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Eliete Bouskela Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina do Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Microcirculação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21949-900, Brazil

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Denise P Carvalho
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controlling body mass ( Oh & Kaplan 1994 , Moreno et al . 2003 , Lanni et al . 2005 , Villicev et al . 2007 ). Decreased thyroid function seems to be related to impaired thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion

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Caitlin S Wyrwoll School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
Healthy Environments and Lives (HEAL) Network

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expression of PlGF, VEGF and their receptors in a placental insufficiency model of fetal growth restriction . Journal of Physiology 550 641 – 656 . ( https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.039511 ) Regnault TRH Orbus RJ de Vrijer B Davidsen ML Galan HL

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