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Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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when present in excess ( Barzilai & Gupta 1999 , Barzilai & Gabriely 2001 , Okita et al. 2012 ). Previous research has shown that short-term CR reduces adipokine levels, improves insulin/IGF1 signaling and reduces reproductive investment ( Mitchell
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), higher lipolysis rates ( Laurencikiene et al . 2011 ) and higher pro-inflammatory adipokine expression and secretion ( Skurk et al . 2007 ). Therefore, large adipocytes are associated with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
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inflammation. Briefly, dysregulated expansion and hypertrophy of VAT during obesity induce tissue hypoxia, alter the secretory profile of adipokines, cytokines/chemokines, bioactive lipids, and modify the distribution and quantity of immune cells within tissue
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in a classic and in an osteoblast-specific manner, found an increase in β-cell proliferation, insulin secretion as well as insulin sensitivity – the latter through increasing the expression of adiponectin, an adipokine known to enhance insulin
Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Division of Nephrology, Wen-Lin Hemodialysis Unit, Taipei, Taiwan
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Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heping Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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-1, resistin and adiponectin, which can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases ( Galic et al . 2010 , Van de Voorde et al . 2013 ). An imbalance of adipokines in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a consequence of impaired
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Clore Laboratory, Obesity Biology Unit, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
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. PNAS 101 2500 – 5 . ( doi:10.1073/pnas.0308647100 ) Bing C Mracek T Gao D Trayhurn P 2010 Zinc-α 2 -glycoprotein: an adipokine modulator of body fat mass? International Journal of Obesity 34 1559 – 1565 . ( doi:10.1038/ijo.2010
Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Area de Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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al. 2002 ). On the other hand, adipose tissue is known to serve as an endocrine organ that liberates several adipokines which could modulate insulin action on target tissues ( Ahima & Flier 2000 , Frühbeck et al. 2001 ). Therefore, we suggest
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key regulator of energy metabolism by secreting a diverse range of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin ( Galic et al. 2010 ). Therefore, adipose tissue is considered as highly important for systemic metabolic homeostasis. The sirtuin
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Park-Klinik Weissensee, Internal Medicine – Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
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. The role of orexins in regulating mature white adipocytes functions and adipokines production Orexin A but not orexin B reduces glycerol release and the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase ( HSL ) in human omental adipose tissue in vitro ( Digby
BUL 457, Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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. However, hypercortisolemia has multiple deleterious effects on bone, and girls and women with AN and higher cortisol levels have lower measures of bone formation markers and lower BMD ( Misra et al . 2004 b , Lawson et al . 2009 ). Adipokines Leptin is