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Rachel Botchlett Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Pinnacle Clinical Research, Live Oak, USA

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Shih-Lung Woo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Mengyang Liu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Ya Pei Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Xin Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

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Honggui Li Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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fatty acid-enriched HFD to mice causes inflammation in various tissues and organs including the adipose tissue ( Xu et al. 2003 , Huo et al. 2010 ), the liver ( Cai et al. 2005 , Woo et al. 2014 , Guo et al. 2016 ), small intestine ( Guo et

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Victoria E DeMambro
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Masanobu Kawai The Jackson Laboratory, Medical Center Research Institute, John Hopkins University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Research, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Thomas L Clemens The Jackson Laboratory, Medical Center Research Institute, John Hopkins University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Research, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Keertik Fulzele The Jackson Laboratory, Medical Center Research Institute, John Hopkins University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Research, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Jane A Maynard
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Caralina Marín de Evsikova
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Kenneth R Johnson
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Ernesto Canalis The Jackson Laboratory, Medical Center Research Institute, John Hopkins University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Research, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Wesley G Beamer
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Clifford J Rosen The Jackson Laboratory, Medical Center Research Institute, John Hopkins University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Research, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA

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Leah Rae Donahue
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Nomenclature Committee of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research ( Parfitt et al . 1987 ). Osteoblast and osteoclast cultures Bone marrow cells were harvested from femurs and tibias of 8-week-old mice. Osteoclast-like cells were generated by

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Peter J Hornsby Department of Physiology, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas TX 78245, USA
Department of Physiology, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, Texas TX 78245, USA

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R Nawata H Yanase T 2008 Adipose tissue-derived and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells develop into different lineage of steroidogenic cells by forced expression of steroidogenic factor 1 . Endocrinology 149 4717 – 4725 . doi:10

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Aryane Cruz Oliveira Pinho CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

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Paula Laranjeira CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Flow Cytometry Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal

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Eugenia Carvalho CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Casa Costa Alemão, Coimbra, Portugal
APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal

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Introduction In the last decade, research on adipose tissue (AT) immunometabolism has increased significantly ( Wang & Wu 2018 ). Until recently, AT was considered an inert organ, functioning only as a storehouse of triglycerides (TGs

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Adam Gesing Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Human Genetics, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge Street, Room 4389, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Human Genetics, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge Street, Room 4389, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA

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Andrzej Bartke Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Human Genetics, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge Street, Room 4389, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA

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Michal M Masternak Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Human Genetics, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge Street, Room 4389, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Human Genetics, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge Street, Room 4389, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA

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depletion of very small embryonic-like stem cells from bone marrow ( Kucia et al . 2013 ). Pioglitazone (PIO) is an anti-diabetic drug that belongs to the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class – selective agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

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Prabhakara R Nagareddy Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, UK

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Sunil K Noothi Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, UK

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Michelle C Flynn Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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Andrew J Murphy Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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) Obesity indirectly promotes myelopoiesis by stimulating IL-1β production from ATM in VAT. (C) Hyperglycemia induces an upregulation in S100A8/A9 that travels to BM to stimulate myelopoiesis. ATM, adipose tissue macrophages; BM, bone marrow; HSPC

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Manuel Gado Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany

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Eva Tsaousidou Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Stefan R Bornstein Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK

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Nikolaos Perakakis Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany

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Introduction: pathogenesis of insulin resistance Insulin resistance is defined as the inadequate response of tissues, such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, central nervous system, and liver, to insulin. Insulin resistance and impaired

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Philip Newsholme School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Vinicius Cruzat School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Frank Arfuso School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Kevin Keane School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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by the release of the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon. These hormones target metabolically active tissues such as muscle, adipose tissue and liver in order to maintain blood glucose concentration within narrow limits (∼4.0–6.0 mmol

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S F Ahmed
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C Farquharson Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Bone Biology Group, Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital For Sick Children, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK

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, the GHR is highly expressed in the liver, adipose tissue, heart, kidneys, intestine, lung, pancreas, cartilage and skeletal muscle where it induces the synthesis of IGF1 ( Ballesteros et al . 2000 ). However, systemic IGF1 which is synthesised

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Wonsuk Choi Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Joon Ho Moon Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Hail Kim Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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tolerance and insulin sensitivity upon consuming a high fat diet (HFD) ( Crane et al. 2015 , Oh et al. 2015 ). Further studies are required to determine the contribution of 5-HT in different tissues. Metabolic roles of 5-HT in adipose tissues

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