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Rachel Botchlett Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Pinnacle Clinical Research, Live Oak, USA

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Shih-Lung Woo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Mengyang Liu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Ya Pei Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Xin Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA

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Honggui Li Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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Chaodong Wu Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA

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activity, which is a master regulator of lipogenesis. Inactivity of ACC results in elevated carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1) activity and subsequently, increased LC fatty acid β-oxidation. Curcumin also inhibits the expression of PPARγ and C

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Caitlin S Wyrwoll School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Trevor A Mori School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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& Kelly 2006 ), whereas UCP3 promotes fatty acid oxidation ( MacLellan et al . 2005 ) and glucose uptake ( Huppertz et al . 2001 ), and limits mitochondrial damage via effects on lipid peroxidation ( Brand et al . 2002 ). The interactive effects of a

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Renata Risi Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK

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Antonio Vidal-Puig University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Nanjing, P. R. China
Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Valencia, Spain

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Guillaume Bidault University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK

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clinical setting ( Panzer and Caicedo 2021 ). Plasmatic low glucose levels are the main signal triggering glucagon secretion in rodent and human islets ( Ohneda et al. 1969 ). Interestingly, a recent study highlighted that fatty acid oxidation is

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Chaoyi Zhang Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Qianli Zhang Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Zhihong Huang Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Quan Jiang Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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: (A) Srebp-1c and (B) Accα , fatty acid transporter genes: (C) Cd36 and (D) Fabp4 , and fatty acid oxidation genes: (E) Pparα and (F) Cpt1α . Lipid metabolism-related genes were measured by qPCR and normalized to β-actin levels. Three

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Cathy A Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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Shaodong Guo Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

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oxidized substrate and generates 60–70% of ATP, whereas fatty acid oxidation provides only 20% of ATP in the heart ( Bertrand et al . 2008 ). During fasting states when insulin level decreases, counter energy hormones such as glucagon increase, activating

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Sandra Zárate Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Mariana Astiz Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP, UNLP-CONICET) and Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

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Natalia Magnani Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Mercedes Imsen Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Florencia Merino Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Silvia Álvarez Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Analía Reinés Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias ‘Prof. E. De Robertis’ (IBCN, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina and Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Adriana Seilicovich Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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, mostly composed of phospholipids, are main targets of oxidative damage due to their physicochemical properties and the chemical reactivity of their fatty acid (FA) double bonds ( Pamplona 2008 , Paradies et al. 2011 ). In fact, membrane phospholipid

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Fausto Bogazzi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Francesco Raggi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Federica Ultimieri Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Dania Russo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Antonella Manariti Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Aldo D’Alessio Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Paolo Viacava Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Giovanni Fanelli Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Maurizio Gasperi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Luigi Bartalena Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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Enio Martino Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Departments of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry and
Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
Chair of Endocrinology, University of Campobasso, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy

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-chain fatty acids could be reduced and glycolysis accelerated (el Alaoui-Talibi et al. 1992 , Allard et al. 1999, Wambolt et al. 1999 ). The latter has been proposed as a compensatory response to low fatty acid oxidation ( Allard et al. 1994

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Shiho Fujisaka First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Yoshiyuki Watanabe First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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Kazuyuki Tobe First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan

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mice had elevated intestinal Fiaf levels, which activated PGC1α in the skeletal muscle, and (2) AMPK in skeletal muscle is activated in GF mice independently of Fiaf signaling. These two phenotypes can lead to enhanced fatty acid oxidation in GF animals

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Aldo Grefhorst Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Johanna C van den Beukel Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Wieneke Dijk Division of Human Nutrition, Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Jacobie Steenbergen Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Gardi J Voortman Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Selmar Leeuwenburgh Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Theo J Visser Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Sander Kersten Division of Human Nutrition, Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

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Edith C H Friesema Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Axel P N Themmen Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Jenny A Visser Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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reduced fatty acid oxidation and/or increased fatty acid synthesis. For fatty acid oxidation, we determined the expression of genes controlled by the major regulators of fatty acid oxidation, namely the nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator

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Harleen Kaur Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Beverly S Muhlhausler Food and Nutrition Research Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide, Australia

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Pamela Su-Lin Sim Food and Nutrition Research Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Amanda J Page Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia

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Hui Li Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia

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Maria Nunez-Salces Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia

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Georgia S Clarke Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia

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Lili Huang School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Rebecca L Wilson Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Johannes D Veldhuis Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Claire T Roberts Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Kathryn L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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et al . 2015 ). This could possibly be due to rapid gastrointestinal hydrolysis and absorption of medium chain-fatty acids, specific transport through the portal vein and rapid beta-oxidation in the liver ( Bach & Babayan 1982 ). The lack of increase

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