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A Glover Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand

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S J Assinder Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand

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, Iowa State University, Iowa, IO, USA. Animals This study was approved by the University of Otago Animal Ethics Committee. To exclude developmental effects of phytoestrogen exposure, all male and female Wistar rats

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Marilyn B Renfree School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Geoff Shaw School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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scrotum, structures that are never seen in XX female young. A full colour version of this figure is available at https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-22-0296 . Sexual differentiation and direct genetic control of sexual dimorphisms In humans, male

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S A Cavigelli
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S L Monfort
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T K Whitney
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Y S Mechref
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M Novotny
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M K McClintock
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Research 24 595 –599. LeFevre J & McClintock MK 1988 Reproductive senescence in female rats: a longitudinal study of individual differences in estrous cycles and behavior. Biology of Reproduction 38 780 –789

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Yu Zhou Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Min Gong Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Yingfei Lu Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Jianquan Chen Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Rong Ju Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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increase in INS1 transcription in pancreatic beta cells in female rats . Biology of Reproduction 98 520 – 531 . ( https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy017 ) More AS Mishra JS Gopalakrishnan K Blesson CS Hankins GD Sathishkumar K 2016

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Ling Cui School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Department of Reproduction and Infertility, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China

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Chunlu Tan School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Lili Huang School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Weihao Wang School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Zhengxiang Huang School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Fang Geng School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Mengjun Wu Department of Reproduction and Infertility, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China

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Xiaolin Chen Endocrinology Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China

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Michael Cowley Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Ferdinand Roelfsema Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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2017 Deficient melanocortin-4 receptor causes abnormal reproductive neuroendocrine profile in female mice . Reproduction 153 267 – 276 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0341 ) 10.1530/REP-16-0341 31231310 Childs GV 2000 Growth hormone cells as co

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Filip Callewaert Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Mieke Sinnesael Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Evelien Gielen Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Steven Boonen Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Dirk Vanderschueren Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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number of important physiological processes, including sexual differentiation of the genitalia, sexual maturation, and reproduction. Sex hormones also have an impact on skeletal homeostasis, because they add bone during puberty and subsequently maintain

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Campbell J L Harter School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Georgia S Kavanagh School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Jeremy T Smith School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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condition resulting in persistent energy intake restriction, often have suppressed HPG axis activity – females with amenorrhoea, and males with reduced testosterone concentrations ( Katz & Vollenhoven 2000 ). These results indicate reproduction is sensitive

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Yiran Zhou Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Christine Neyt Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Nicola J Batchelor Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Rebecca L Kelley School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

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Karmilla Jaafar Amsak Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Greg M Anderson Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Dorothy E Oorschot Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Christine L Jasoni Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Jane E Girling Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Introduction In adult females, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced in the granulosa cells of developing ovarian follicles ( Weenen et al. 2004 ). Granulosa cells also express the AMH type-2 receptor (AMHR2) ( Baarends et al. 1995

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Rachel A Forsdike Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Kate Hardy Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Lauren Bull Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Jaroslav Stark Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Lisa J Webber Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Sharron Stubbs Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Jane E Robinson Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Stephen Franks Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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-primed hypophysectomized immature female rats. Biology of Reproduction 20 261 –268. Hillier SG , Tetsuka M & Fraser HM 1997 Location and developmental regulation of androgen receptor in primate ovary. Human Reproduction 12 107 –111

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William H James The Galton Laboratory, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW 1 2 HE, UK

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stress effects on sperm viability, sperm DNA integrity and the offspring sex ratio in mice . Molecular Reproduction and Development . Perret M 1986 Social influences on oestrous cycle length and plasma progesterone concentrations in the female lesser

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