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Rebecca J Ainslie Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Ioannis Simitsidellis Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Phoebe M Kirkwood Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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Douglas A Gibson Institute for Regeneration and Repair, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

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assessment of isolated populations or deduced from cohort differences due to sex or suppression of endogenous hormones. It is well known that sexual dimorphism in immune responses affects the prevalence and severity of a range of inflammatory conditions, but

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Richard C Lindsey Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Catrina Godwin Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Subburaman Mohan Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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bone surface (BFR/BS) was decreased in TRβ147F mice (27% reduction, P  < 0.05). Since MAR was unaffected, the reduction in BFR in mutant mice appears to be due to a reduced number of fully differentiated osteoblasts, not a reduction in osteoblast

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Sara Della Torre Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Gianpaolo Rando Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Clara Meda Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Paolo Ciana Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Luisa Ottobrini Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Adriana Maggi Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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sexual differentiation of reproductive tissues, including the brain ( Phoenix et al. 1959 , Pang et al. 1979 , Tobet et al. 1986 , Korach et al. 1988 , Greco et al. 1991 , Rissman et al. 1997 , Nielsen et al. 2000 , Albrecht et al

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Virginia Rider Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Alex Talbott Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Anuradha Bhusri Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Zach Krumsick Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Sierra Foster Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Joshua Wormington Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas, USA

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Bruce F Kimler Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA

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progesterone ( Rider & Psychoyos 1994 ). Stromal cells proliferate and differentiate to form the maternal tissue referred to as the decidua that interfaces with the fetal placenta. Differentiation of stromal cells is accompanied by an increase in cell size

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C M Gomes
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C Raineki
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P Ramos de Paula
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G S Severino
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C V V Helena
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J A Anselmo-Franci
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C R Franci
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G L Sanvitto
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A B Lucion
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. 2004 ). Besides the decreased behavioral inhibition in novel and averse environments, previous study showed that daily handling of the offspring during the first 10 days of life reduced the sexual behavior of male and female rats ( Padoin et al

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Kazunari Nohara Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Suhuan Liu Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Matthew S Meyers Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Aurélie Waget Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Mathieu Ferron Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Gérard Karsenty Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Rémy Burcelin Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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Franck Mauvais-Jarvis Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Genetics and Development, INSERM U1048, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine and Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA

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weeks of neonatal life ( Ailhaud et al . 1992 , Bouret et al . 2004 , Gesta et al . 2007 ). In male rodents, testosterone mediates many aspects of sexual differentiation of the brain during a restricted developmental neonatal period ending on day 10

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Peter J Simons Department of Cell Biology, Bioceros BV, Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
Departments of Experimental and Internal Medicine and
Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Petra S van den Pangaart Department of Cell Biology, Bioceros BV, Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
Departments of Experimental and Internal Medicine and
Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Johannes M F G Aerts Department of Cell Biology, Bioceros BV, Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
Departments of Experimental and Internal Medicine and
Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Louis Boon Department of Cell Biology, Bioceros BV, Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
Departments of Experimental and Internal Medicine and
Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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HMW adiponectin from adipocytes, which explains the sexual dimorphism in serum adiponectin oligomer profiles, i.e. females having higher serum levels of total and HMW adiponectin than males ( Xu et al. 2005 ). Since multiple pro

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Pablo Mendez Instituto Cajal, CSIC, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

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Iñigo Azcoitia Instituto Cajal, CSIC, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

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Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura Instituto Cajal, CSIC, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

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and Cellular Neuroscience 25 363 –373. Carrer HF & Cambiasso MJ 2002 Sexual differentiation of the brain: genes, estrogen, and neurotrophic factors. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 22 479 –500

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F Raucci Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zoological Station of Naples, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy

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S D’Aniello Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zoological Station of Naples, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy

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M M Di Fiore Department of Life Sciences, Second University of Naples, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zoological Station of Naples, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy

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) as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid ( Fisher et al. 1994 ). In addition, d -Asp may participate in brain development, differentiation and functioning ( Hashimoto et al. 1993 , Hashimoto & Oka, 1997 , Imai et al. 1997 , Sakai et al. 1998

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Kevin M Sargent Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583‐0908, USA

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Renee M McFee Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583‐0908, USA

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Renata Spuri Gomes Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583‐0908, USA

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Andrea S Cupp Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Building, 3940 Fair Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583‐0908, USA

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interactions in the literature related to sex-specific vascular development and sexual differentiation. The bottom of the figure depicts different stages of testis development. PGC, primordial germ cell; SRY, sex determining region of Chr Y; SOX9, SRY (sex

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