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Anneleen Segers Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Louis Desmet Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Shu Sun Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Kristin Verbeke Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Jan Tack Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Inge Depoortere Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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. Circadian rhythms are maintained by a set of core clock genes that form transcription-translation feedback loops in which they not only regulate their own transcription but that of many clock-controlled genes. The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer forms the positive

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Isao Tamura Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Hiroshi Tamura Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Mai Kawamoto-Jozaki Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Yumiko Doi-Tanaka Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Haruka Takagi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Yuichiro Shirafuta Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Yumiko Mihara Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Ryo Maekawa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Toshiaki Taketani Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Shun Sato Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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Norihiro Sugino Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan

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. 2014 ). Therefore, it is important to control body weight in women throughout life. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a molecule secreted by the pineal gland in a circadian manner. In addition to regulating circadian rhythms, melatonin has a

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Ying Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

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Nan Meng Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

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Haili Bao Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

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Yufei Jiang Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

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Ningjie Yang Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

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Kejia Wu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Jinxiang Wu Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

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Haibin Wang Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

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Shuangbo Kong Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China

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Yuanzhen Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Hubei Clinical Research Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Health, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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circadian rhythm is a precisely tuned process. In the human uterus, downregulation of PER2 in the endometrium marks the transition from oscillatory to nonoscillatory stroma, synchronizing the preimplantation embryo and surrounding decidual cells for fetal

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Arnaud Lacombe Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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Vincent Lelievre Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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Charles E Roselli Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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Jean-Marc Muller Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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James A Waschek Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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Eric Vilain Departments of Human Genetics, Pediatrics, and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Gonda Center, University of California, Room 6357, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U676, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, F-75019 Paris, France
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098, USA
Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6187 Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers, France
Mental Retardation Research Center, University of California, Neurosciences Research Building, 655 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA

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demonstrated that the dark–light circadian rhythm is damaged in VIP null mice ( Colwell et al. 2003 ), suggesting that rhythmic secretion of gonadotropins might be perturbed in VIP KO mice. Altogether, these data strongly favor the idea that the lack of VIP

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Shona Wood Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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Andrew Loudon Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK

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cones ( Lucas & Foster 1999 ), indicating a role for the non-image-forming photoreceptor OPN4 in melatonin inhibition by light and circadian rhythms. The OPN4 photoreceptor is involved in both circadian re-setting mechanisms and pupillary light

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C E Koch University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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M S Bartlang University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg, Germany

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J T Kiehn University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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L Lucke Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

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N Naujokat University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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C Helfrich-Förster University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Neurobiology and Genetics, Würzburg, Germany

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S O Reber Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

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H Oster University of Lübeck, Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department 1, Lübeck, Germany

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et al . 2015 ), at least partly via influencing adrenocortical ACTH sensitivity ( Oster et al . 2006 , Leliavski et al . 2014 ). How circadian rhythms affect the adaptive response to repeated and, importantly, predictable stressor exposure, though

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Adrián Báez-Ruiz Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
Department of Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, México

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Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, DF, México

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Fernando Cázarez-Márquez Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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Elizabeth Sabath Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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María del Carmen Basualdo Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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Roberto Salgado-Delgado Department of Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Science, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, México

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Carolina Escobar Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, UNAM, DF, México

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Ruud M Buijs Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, UNAM, DF, México

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mimic their respective humoral circadian rhythms for an additional 4 weeks. Slow-release melatonin (Chronocaps; Productos Medix S.A. de C.V., México City, México) pill fragments equivalent to a concentration of 2.5 mg/kg and corticosterone (HBC complex

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Cassandra C Yap School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Michaela D Wharfe School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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Jeremy T Smith School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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HPG axis is dormant and ovulation does not occur, suggesting the shutdown of kisspeptin signaling, reduced GnRH neuron or gonadotrope sensitivity, or a combination of each. We therefore speculate that disruption of normal hypothalamic circadian rhythms

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Ryun S Ahn
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Jee H Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Bum C Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Jung H Kim Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Sung H Lee Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Simon S Sung Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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preoptic area (POA; de la Iglesia et al . 1995 ). Transmission of the time-of-day signal from the SCN to CRH- and GnRH-synthesizing neurons is thought to be involved in the entrainment of the circadian rhythm governing the activities of the HPA and HPO

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Prashant Regmi Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Rajesh Chaudhary Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Amanda J Page Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Amy T Hutchison Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Andrew D Vincent Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Bo Liu Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Leonie Heilbronn Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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involved in circadian rhythm in liver, but with a phase delay in TRFd In ad libitum fed mice, HFD did not alter the amplitude (all P ≥ 0.11), mean (all P ≥ 0.38) or phase (all P ≥ 0.06) of any of the circadian regulators vs chow ( Fig. 4A , B

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