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Mi-Hyun Kim
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Jae-Hwan Jee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Sunyoung Park
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Myung-Shik Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Kwang-Won Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Moon-Kyu Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2), which has its binding site in the G2 enhancer element of proglucagon ( G lu ), a precursor of GLP1 ( Akiyama 2000 ). Insulin enhances GLP1 production via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β

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C D Simmons
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J M P Pabona
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Z Zeng
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M C Velarde
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D Gaddy
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F A Simmen
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R C M Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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precise mechanisms and participating molecules remain poorly understood. Krüppel-like factor (KLF) 9, a member of the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors ( Suske et al . 2005 ), is a 244-amino acid protein characterized by three C-terminal zinc finger

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José Edgar Nicoletti-Carvalho
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Tatiane C Araújo Nogueira
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Renata Gorjão Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Physiology and Biophysics, Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Prof. Lineu Prestes Ave #1524. ICB 1- Room 125, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Carla Rodrigues Bromati
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Tatiana S Yamanaka
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Antonio Carlos Boschero Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Physiology and Biophysics, Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Prof. Lineu Prestes Ave #1524. ICB 1- Room 125, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Licio Augusto Velloso Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Physiology and Biophysics, Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Prof. Lineu Prestes Ave #1524. ICB 1- Room 125, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Rui Curi
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Gabriel Forato Anhê Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Physiology and Biophysics, Internal Medicine, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Prof. Lineu Prestes Ave #1524. ICB 1- Room 125, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

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Silvana Bordin
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-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) (sc200) antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Technology. Anti-BAX (B3428) and anti-β-actin (A5316) antibodies were obtained from Sigma; anti-AKT1 (05-796) was obtained from Upstate Biotechnology (Waltham, MA, USA); and anti

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Sami Ayari Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Eva Gil-Iturbe Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Léa le Gléau Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Céline Osinski Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Nathalie Kapel AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Functional Coprology Department, Paris, France

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Hedi Antoine Soula Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Armelle Leturque Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Fabrizio Andreelli Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France
AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Nutrition Department, Paris, France
AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Diabetology-Metabolism Department, Paris, France

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Karine Clément Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France
AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Nutrition Department, Paris, France

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Patricia Serradas Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Agnès Ribeiro Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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in vivo and in vitro have shown that HNF-4α plays pleiotropic roles in liver functions and is a central transcription factor at the crossroads between epithelial morphogenesis and functions ( Battle et al. 2006 , Ribeiro et al. 2007 , Hwang

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C D Soontjens
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J J Rafter
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J-Å Gustafsson
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Introduction

Nuclear receptors

The cell's long-term response to environmental stimuli is associated with changes in cellular proliferation, differentiation and metabolism mediated by the modification of the protein content of a cell via differential gene expression. Transcription factors that regulate the activity of specific genes receive such stimuli in different ways. Peptide hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters bind and activate cell surface receptors, initiating a cascade of intracellular signals by a complex system of secondary messengers that leads to the activation of transcription factors. Other transcription factors that are responsive to steroid and thyroid hormones, retinoids and other signalling molecules belong to the distinct class of nuclear receptors present in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Direct and high affinity binding of a specific signalling molecule or ligand activates the nuclear receptors to exert control on the rate of transcription of target genes via interaction with specific DNA sequences

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Stefanie Ruhs Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

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Alexander Nolze Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

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Ralf Hübschmann Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

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Claudia Grossmann Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany

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( Fig. 1 ). Figure 1 Aldosterone/MR signaling. Aldosterone (aldo) has several mechanisms of action. (1) It can bind to cytosolic MR and initiate translocation of MR into the nucleus, where the MR homodimerizes and acts as a transcription factor

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Susan M Soto Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Amy C Blake Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Stephanie R Wesolowski Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Paul J Rozance Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Kristen B Barthel Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Bifeng Gao Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Byron Hetrick Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA

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Carrie E McCurdy Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA

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Natalia G Garza Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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William W Hay Jr Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Leslie A Leinwand Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA

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Jacob E Friedman Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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protein 7 (PAX7) denotes a myoblast that has not terminally differentiated and has the capacity to enter the cell cycle and proliferate ( Relaix et al . 2005 ). MRFs are a set of transcription factors, including MYF5 , MYOD , MYF6 and MYOG , that are

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A Alidibbiat
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C E Marriott Diabetes Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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K T Scougall
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S C Campbell
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G C Huang Diabetes Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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W M Macfarlane Diabetes Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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J A M Shaw
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 s at 58 °C, 45 s at 72 °C; 5 min at 72 °C). PCR cycle number was 35 for all primer pairs with the exception of Isl1 (29 cycles) and forkhead box transcription factor a2 (Foxa2; 40 cycles). PCR products were separated and visualised on 1% agarose gels

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Melody L Allensworth-James Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Angela Odle Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Anessa Haney Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Melanie MacNicol Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Angus MacNicol Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Gwen Childs Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, College of Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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and proliferation of the individual endocrine cell populations ( Rizzoti 2015 ). The earliest exclusive pituitary marker is PROP1 , a paired homeodomain transcription factor, which is expressed at embryonic day 10 (E10) in the mouse. SOX2- expressing

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Manon M Roustit
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Joan M Vaughan Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Pauline M Jamieson Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Mark E Cleasby
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transcription factors in macrophages ( Tsatsanis et al . 2006 ). These data contrast with the reduced IRS1 and AKT phosphorylation observed in the transgenic mice ( Jamieson et al . 2011 ), which may have been the result of the reduced circulating insulin

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