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binding of Hh ligands (e.g. mammalian Sonic, Indian or Desert Hh) to the receptor protein Patched1 (Ptch). This releases the inhibition of Smoothened (Smo), which results in translocation of Smo into the primary cilium and nuclear translocation of
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Division of Seasonal Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) secreted from the hypothalamus induces the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to
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nutrients (glucose and free fatty acid). Leptin, together with insulin, acts on its respective receptor Ob-Rb and insulin receptor (InsR), both linked to the common phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, to reduce the expression and release of
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thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion control is being established ( Pracyk et al. 1992 ), the expression of different thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms and the activity of different types of deiodinases in
Local impact of thyroid hormone inactivation
Deiodinases: the balance of thyroid hormone
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, TH receptors (TRs). TH action is critically important for development, tissue differentiation, and maintenance of metabolic balance in mammals. Severe disruption of TH action during fetal and early neonatal development leads to several permanent
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through activation of G-protein-coupled plasma membrane receptors and rapid second messenger-mediated signal transduction. GCs, on the other hand, are highly lipophilic. HPA axis activation promotes de novo synthesis of GCs from cholesterol. These then
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levels or action of estrogen are curtailed or reduced during human pregnancy, e.g. preterm birth, aromatase gene mutation, or endocrine disruptors that interfere with estrogen receptor action, lead to T2DM in offspring ( Hofman et al. 2004
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thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which in turn stimulates the thyrotroph cells of the anterior pituitary to synthesize and secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ( Harris et al . 1978 ). TSH then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
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Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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prolactin positive cells in the human pituitary do not co-localize with the PrRP receptor ( Abe et al . 2003 ) and the finding that PrRP increases prolactin responses to TRH ( Spuch et al . 2007 ), but itself does not significantly increase prolactin
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) receptors. In adult rats, BDNF is involved in a variety of forms of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Among these actions, particular interest has been focused on its stimulatory effect on peptide biosynthesis in the CNS ( Tapia
