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Hsiu-Chi Lee Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

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Shaw-Jenq Tsai Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

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tissues/cells are under ‘normal’ hypoxic condition (examples like pericentral hepatocytes, bone marrow, Sertoli cells of testis, granulosa and germ cells of ovarian follicles and islet cells of pancreas). These normal hypoxic tissues/cells are adaptive to

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Motoi Sohmiya Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hematological Oncology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan

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Yuzuru Kato Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hematological Oncology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan

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& Crafts 1968 , Peschle et al. 1972 , Golde et al. 1977 ). GH directly stimulated the proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells in vitro ( Golde et al. 1977 ). Erythropoiesis was stimulated in rat bone marrow perfused with GH ( Meineke & Crafts

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Gary A Wittert Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Department of Endocrinology Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia

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Bu B Yeap Medical School, University of Western Australia, and Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia

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David J Handelsman ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology Department, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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decrease in serum testosterone concentration in middle to older aged men is associated with a reduction serum SHBG with mid-normal serum LH and FSH and is characterised by an accumulation of visceral adipose tissue associated with insulin resistance

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Ming-sheng Ye Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Liping Luo Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Qi Guo Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Tian Su Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Peng Cheng Department of Gerontology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Yan Huang Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China

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et al. 2021 ). Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy in the form of heat by highly expressed uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein to uncouple the mitochondrial proton gradient, which is important for thermogenesis and energy balance in mammals

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Christine A Beamish Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA

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Yoon K Lee Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA

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A Osama Gaber Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA

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Priyanka Chanana Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA

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Edward A Graviss Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA

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Malgorzata Kloc Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Cell and Microbiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
Department of Genetics, The University of Texas Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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M Waleed Gaber Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology Section, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Willa A Hsueh Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Omaima M Sabek Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Cell and Microbiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA

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. ( https://doi.org/10.4161/isl.20516 ) McCabe LR Irwin R Tekalur A Evans C Schepper JD Parameswaran N & Ciancio M 2019 Exercise prevents high fat diet-induced bone loss, marrow adiposity and dysbiosis in male mice . Bone 118 20 – 31

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Peter J King
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Leonardo Guasti
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Ed Laufer Barts and the London School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Centre for Endocrinology, London EC1M 6BQ, UK

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pathway in human conditions of imbalance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis, such as the increase in marrow adipose tissue and decrease in bone seen in osteoporosis ( Meunier et al . 1971 , Verma et al . 2002 , Nuttall & Gimble 2004 ). Furthermore

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Heleen I Jansen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Eveline Bruinstroop Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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. Transporters are also involved in the transport of T3 out of the cell. Not all transporters are expressed in all tissues. MCT8 is expressed in neurons, the pituitary, liver, kidney, and adipose tissue, while MCT10 is expressed in the kidney, liver, muscle

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Paolo Comeglio Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Ilaria Cellai Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Tommaso Mello Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Sandra Filippi Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Maneschi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Francesca Corcetto Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Chiara Corno Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Erica Sarchielli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Annamaria Morelli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Rapizzi Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Bani Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Daniele Guasti Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Gabriella Barbara Vannelli Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Andrea Galli Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Luciano Adorini Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, New York, USA

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Mario Maggi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. – Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy

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Linda Vignozzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
I.N.B.B. – Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
Gynecologic Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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reduced visceral adiposity ( Maneschi et al. 2013 ). These beneficial effects seem to occur partially by enhancing energy expenditure through activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and in muscle ( Thomas et al. 2009 ). Activation of

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David M Golding School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Daniel J Rees Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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Jennifer R Davies Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dinko Relkovic Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Hannah V Furby Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Irina A Guschina School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anna L Hopkins School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Jeffrey S Davies Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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James L Resnick Center for Mammalian Genetics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Anthony R Isles Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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cervical dislocation. Inguinal, retroperitoneal and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) and interscapular brown adipose tissue (isBAT) fat depots and liver were excised, weighed, snap frozen and stored at −70°C for subsequent histological analysis (see

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Ya Liu Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xiaoqing Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Ye Xiao Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Changjun Li Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yan Huang Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Qi Guo Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Tian Su Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Lei Fu Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Liping Luo Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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. 2015 , Zhang et al. 2018 ). In our previous studies, we have found that miR-188 promotes the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and fat accumulation in bone ( Li et al. 2015 ), followed with the finding that adipose

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