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J M P Pabona Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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M C Velarde Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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Z Zeng Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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F A Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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R C M Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, 1212 Marshall Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA

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receptor isoforms A and B determine transcriptional activity of progesterone-responsive genes in endometrial epithelial cells . Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 2174 – 21482 . Zheng FF Wu RC Smith CL O'Malley BW 2005 Rapid estrogen

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C S A Markides The Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, 1918 Chenevert St, Houston, TX 77003, USA

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J G Liehr The Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, 1918 Chenevert St, Houston, TX 77003, USA

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metabolic profile seen in the liver, 4-hydroxylation is a dominant pathway of catechol estrogen formation in several extrahepatic tissues in both animal models and humans. Selective 4-hydroxylation of E 2 , with little or no 2-hydroxylation activity, has

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Inmaculada C Villar
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Adrian J Hobbs
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Amrita Ahluwalia Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, Medical Sciences Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

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timing issue, and will assess the anti-atherosclerotic effects of conjugated equine estrogens alone and in combination with progesterone transdermally administrated in recently postmenopausal women ( Harman et al . 2005 ). These studies should explain

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J E Sánchez-Criado
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J Martín de las Mulas
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C Bellido
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R Aguilar
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J C Garrido-Gracia
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oestrogens, whereas, in the absence of the cognate ligand, it induces progesterone receptor (PR) expression ( Bellido et al. 2003 ) and GnRH self-priming ( Sánchez-Criado et al. 2002 , Bellido et al. 2003 ). The mechanism through which these selective

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Beverly A S Reyes Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Hiroko Tsukamura Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Helen I’Anson Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Maria Amelita C Estacio Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Kanjun Hirunagi Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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Kei-Ichiro Maeda Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Suite 400, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia 24450-03, USA

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, Simonian SX, van der Beek EM, Bicknell RJ & Herbison AE 1999 Fluctuating estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in brainstem norepinephrine neurons through the rat estrous cycle. Endocrinology 140 3255 –3263. Heritage

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Vincent Ricchiuti
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Christine G Lian
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Eveline M Oestreicher
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Loc Tran
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James R Stone Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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Tham Yao
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Ellen W Seely
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Gordon H Williams
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Gail K Adler
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Background The incidence of cardiovascular disease among women is low before menopause and steadily increases after the onset of menopause ( Mendelsohn & Karas 1999 ). This increase is believed to result in part from the loss of endogenous estrogen

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C Gérard Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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S Blacher Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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L Communal Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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A Courtin Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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E Tskitishvili Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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M Mestdagt Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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C Munaut Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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A Noel Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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A Gompel Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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C Péqueux Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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J M Foidart Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, INSERM-UMRS 938, Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

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Tuohimaa P Ylikomi T 2002 Expression of progesterone receptor isoforms A and B is differentially regulated by estrogen in different breast cancer cell lines . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 80 307 – 313 . ( doi:10.1016/S

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Lucie Tosca Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements and
Station de Recherches Avicoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
INSERM UMR S671, Centre Biomédical des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris F-75006, France

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Sabine Crochet Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements and
Station de Recherches Avicoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
INSERM UMR S671, Centre Biomédical des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris F-75006, France

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Pascal Ferré Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements and
Station de Recherches Avicoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
INSERM UMR S671, Centre Biomédical des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris F-75006, France

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Fabienne Foufelle Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements and
Station de Recherches Avicoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
INSERM UMR S671, Centre Biomédical des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris F-75006, France

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Sophie Tesseraud Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements and
Station de Recherches Avicoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
INSERM UMR S671, Centre Biomédical des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris F-75006, France

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Joëlle Dupont Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements and
Station de Recherches Avicoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
INSERM UMR S671, Centre Biomédical des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris F-75006, France

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& Hertelendy 1985 ). In the hen layerovary, as in mammals, theca and granulosa cells can be easily isolated from developing follicles. The granulosa cells from the largest follicles produce large amounts of progesterone, but unlike the mammalian granulosa cells

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F Lucio-Oliveira Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil

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C R Franci Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil

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of OT mRNA in the magnocellular neurones of the PVN ( Van Tol et al . 1988 ) increases at the onset of puberty and decreases after castration ( Miller et al . 1989 ), suggesting a possible influence of estrogen on OT expression levels. The

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Sharon Maor Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Doris Mayer Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Ronit I Yarden Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Adrian V Lee Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Rive Sarfstein Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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Moshe Z Papa Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
Group on Hormones and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
Laboratory of Genomic Applications, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Department of Oncological Surgery, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel

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indicating that the biological activity of the IGF system is strongly associated with estrogen status ( Lee et al. 1999 , Yee & Lee 2000 ). Estrogens were shown to increase IGF-I binding and IGF-IR mRNA levels in MCF-7 cells by sevenfold, suggesting that

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