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Majdi Masarwi Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Raanan Shamir Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Moshe Phillip Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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Galia Gat-Yablonski Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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undergo either programmed cell death with calcification of the extracellular matrix or trans-differentiation to endochondral osteoblasts, switching from the synthesis of cartilage collagens (mostly type II and X) to the synthesis of type I collagen ( Yang

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Dan Li Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Yan Ji Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Chunlan Zhao Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Yapeng Yao Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Anlan Yang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Honghong Jin Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Yang Chen Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Mingjun San Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Jing Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Mingjiao Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Luqing Zhang Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Xuechao Feng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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Yaowu Zheng Transgenic Research Center, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China

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( Yamaji et al. 2009 ). PRL binds to prolactin receptor (PRLR) and activates STAT5 through JAK2-regulated phosphorylation. Activated STAT5 (p-STAT5) translocates to nucleus and regulates the expression of alveolar epithelial differentiation

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Rajat Kumar Das Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6009, USA

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Sarmistha Banerjee Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6009, USA

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Bernard H Shapiro Laboratories of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6009, USA

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hormone levels per se that are responsible for phenotypic sexual dimorphisms ranging from growth patterns to expression levels of hepatic enzymes ( Jansson et al . 1985 , Shapiro et al . 1995 ). In the rat, CYP responses to GH regulation are nearly as

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Yarikipati Prathibha Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

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ontogeny analysis, 0 days post hatch (dph), mesonephric gonadal complex (MGC) from 5, 10, 30 and 40 dph larvae ( n  = 15) and gonads ( n  = 15) from the sexual differentiation stage of 50 dph till adult (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 365 dph) were collected

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Rachel A Forsdike Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Kate Hardy Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Lauren Bull Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Jaroslav Stark Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Lisa J Webber Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Sharron Stubbs Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Jane E Robinson Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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Stephen Franks Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neurobiology, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK

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. Robinson JE , Birch RA, Grindrod JA, Taylor JA & Unsworth WP 2003 Sexually differentiated regulation of GnRH release by gonadal steroid hormones in sheep. Reproduction Supplement 61 299 –310. Rotterdam 2004 Revised 2003

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Elena Maneschi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Annamaria Morelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Sandra Filippi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Ilaria Cellai Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Paolo Comeglio Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Benedetta Mazzanti Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Tommaso Mello Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Alessandra Calcagno Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Erica Sarchielli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Linda Vignozzi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Farid Saad Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Roberto Vettor Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Gabriella B Vannelli Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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Mario Maggi Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of Hematology, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Scientific Affairs Men's Healthcare, Department of Clinical Physiopathology

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differentiation of stem cells residing in other organs ( Aguiari et al . 2008 , Vettor et al . 2009 ). The resulting metabolic consequences include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia along with a pro-thrombotic, inflammatory

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Qinghua Wang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Laboratory Animal Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China

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Jing Tang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Shujun Jiang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Zan Huang State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Anying Song State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Siyuan Hou State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Xiang Gao State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

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Hai-Bin Ruan Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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differentiation and survival ( Salehi et al. 2000 ), modulate circadian rhythm ( Wang et al. 2010 ) and be involved in depression ( Mouri et al. 2012 ), learning and memory formation ( Yang et al. 2015 ), and social interactions and sexual behavior

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K Radojević Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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N Arsenović-Ranin Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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D Kosec Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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V Pešić Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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I Pilipović Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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M Perišić Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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B Plećaš-Solarović Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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G Leposavić Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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-releasing hormone production. Journal of Endocrinology 158 229 –235. Beyer C 1987 Sex steroids and afferent input: their roles in brain sexual differentiation. Annual Review of Physiology 49 349 –364

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Chen-Che Jeff Huang Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

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Yuan Kang Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

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Pbx1 KO mouse, but remain rudimentary, despite initiation of sexual differentiation. Since SF1 also activates Pbx1 promoter activity, it is possible that the reduced X-zone in Pbx1 haploinsufficiency is due to synergistic actions of these two

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Yin Xia
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Alan L Schneyer Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Pioneer Valley Life Science Institute and University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA

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, luteolysis, and testis development, as well as in regulation of FSH-β gene transcription. Activin and gonadal sex determination Emerging evidence suggests that FST and activins influence differentiation of the indifferent gonad as well as the early stages of

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