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David E Maridas Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Victoria E DeMambro Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Phuong T Le Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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Kenichi Nagano Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Roland Baron Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Subburaman Mohan VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Clifford J Rosen Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA

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murine embryonic and postnatal mechanisms of IGFBP-4 without specifically looking at sexual dimorphism ( Ning et al . 2006 , 2008 ). In contrast, we examined pubertal and adult skeletal maintenance in C57BL/6J mice by phenotyping mice with a germline

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Georg Homuth
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Alexander Teumer
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Uwe Völker
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Matthias Nauck Department of Functional Genomics, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15A, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany

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the first time described the identification of sexual dimorphisms in metabolic and genetic biomarkers. Until then, most studies that associated metabolite concentrations and ratios of measured metabolites with defined phenotypes had not considered

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H Kadokawa Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Field Centre of Animal Science and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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M Matsui Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Field Centre of Animal Science and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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K Hayashi Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Field Centre of Animal Science and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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N Matsunaga Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Field Centre of Animal Science and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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C Kawashima Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Field Centre of Animal Science and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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T Shimizu Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Field Centre of Animal Science and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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K Kida Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Field Centre of Animal Science and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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A Miyamoto Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Field Centre of Animal Science and Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan

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Chowen JA Zeitler P Clifton DK Steiner RA 1991 Sexual dimorphism of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin gene expression in the hypothalamus of the rat during development . Endocrinology 128 2369 – 2375

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Ian S McLennan Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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male mice have 16% more spinal motor neurons than their WT sisters, with this sexual dimorphism being absent in AMH −/− and AMHR2 −/− mice ( Wang et al . 2009 b ). AMH + /− mice exhibit a male bias which is half that of their WT brothers ( Wang et

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F Labrie Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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V Luu-The Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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A Bélanger Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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S-X Lin Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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J Simard Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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G Pelletier Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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C Labrie Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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. Laughlin GA & Barrett-Connor E 2000 Sexual dimorphism in the influence of advanced aging on adrenal hormone levels: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 3561 –3568. Laumann EO

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Charlotte Steenblock Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Nicole Bechmann Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Felix Beuschlein Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland

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Christian Wolfrum Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland

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Stefan R Bornstein Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

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Beuschlein F Wolfrum C , 2022 Sexual dimorphism in COVID-19: potential clinical and public health implications . Lancet. Diabetes and Endocrinology 10 221 – 230 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(2100346-6 ) Bornstein SR Cozma D Kamel M

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Stuart A Morgan Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, UK

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Zaki K Hassan-Smith Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Jeremy Tomlinson Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Paul M Stewart Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
NEXUS, Discovery Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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in male mice. As such, we can discount the possibility of sexual dimorphism with respect to our findings. Indeed, there is evidence of sexually dimorphic expression of hepatic 11β-HSD1 in rats, underpinned by sex-specific changes in growth hormone

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Aiying Liu
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Liping Gao
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Shoulei Kang
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Ying Liu
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Chuanying Xu
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Hong Sun
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Dongye Li Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China

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Changdong Yan
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& Leinwand 2009 ). The incidence of CVD in women increases after menopause; when comparing men and women over 65 years of age, this sexual dimorphism disappears and mortality is higher in postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men ( Bhupathy et al

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Erik J Giltay Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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King H Kho Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Ben A Blansjaar Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Marcel M Verbeek Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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P Ben H Geurtz Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Johanna M Geleijnse Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Louis J G Gooren Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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that cross-sex hormones affect psychological variables of aggression, mood, sexual motivation and sex-related cognitive functions, such as verbal fluency and visuospatial functions ( Van Goozen et al. 1995 , Slabbekoorn et al. 1999 ). Studies of

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Farid F Chehab Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94132, USA

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2010 The kisspeptin system of the human hypothalamus: sexual dimorphism and relationship with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and neurokinin B neurons . European Journal of Neuroscience 31 1984 – 1998 . ( doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07239.x

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