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Ian S McLennan Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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Michael W Pankhurst Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

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male mice have 16% more spinal motor neurons than their WT sisters, with this sexual dimorphism being absent in AMH −/− and AMHR2 −/− mice ( Wang et al . 2009 b ). AMH + /− mice exhibit a male bias which is half that of their WT brothers ( Wang et

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F Labrie Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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V Luu-The Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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A Bélanger Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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S-X Lin Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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J Simard Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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G Pelletier Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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C Labrie Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4 G2, Canada

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. Laughlin GA & Barrett-Connor E 2000 Sexual dimorphism in the influence of advanced aging on adrenal hormone levels: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 3561 –3568. Laumann EO

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Charlotte Steenblock Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Nicole Bechmann Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Felix Beuschlein Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland

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Christian Wolfrum Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland

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Stefan R Bornstein Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

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Beuschlein F Wolfrum C , 2022 Sexual dimorphism in COVID-19: potential clinical and public health implications . Lancet. Diabetes and Endocrinology 10 221 – 230 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(2100346-6 ) Bornstein SR Cozma D Kamel M

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Stuart A Morgan Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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Laura L Gathercole Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, UK

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Zaki K Hassan-Smith Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Jeremy Tomlinson Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Paul M Stewart Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
NEXUS, Discovery Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

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in male mice. As such, we can discount the possibility of sexual dimorphism with respect to our findings. Indeed, there is evidence of sexually dimorphic expression of hepatic 11β-HSD1 in rats, underpinned by sex-specific changes in growth hormone

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Aiying Liu
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Liping Gao
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Shoulei Kang
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Ying Liu
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Chuanying Xu
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Hong Sun
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Dongye Li Department of Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China

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Changdong Yan
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& Leinwand 2009 ). The incidence of CVD in women increases after menopause; when comparing men and women over 65 years of age, this sexual dimorphism disappears and mortality is higher in postmenopausal women compared with age-matched men ( Bhupathy et al

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Erik J Giltay Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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King H Kho Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Ben A Blansjaar Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Marcel M Verbeek Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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P Ben H Geurtz Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Johanna M Geleijnse Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Louis J G Gooren Geestelijke Gezondheidszorg Delfland, Institute of Mental Health, PO Box 5016, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Andrology Unit, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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that cross-sex hormones affect psychological variables of aggression, mood, sexual motivation and sex-related cognitive functions, such as verbal fluency and visuospatial functions ( Van Goozen et al. 1995 , Slabbekoorn et al. 1999 ). Studies of

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Farid F Chehab Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94132, USA

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2010 The kisspeptin system of the human hypothalamus: sexual dimorphism and relationship with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and neurokinin B neurons . European Journal of Neuroscience 31 1984 – 1998 . ( doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07239.x

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M Moussavi Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4

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M Wlasichuk Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4

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J P Chang Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4

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H R Habibi Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4

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Regulation in the Vertebrate Endocrine System , pp 55 – 67 . Eds Prasada Rao PD Peter RE . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers . Qi X Zhou W Lu D Wang Q Zhang H Li S Liu X Zhang Y Lin H 2013 Sexual dimorphism of

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Juilee Rege Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA

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William E Rainey Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA

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’ precursor for DHT production. Recently, Fluck et al . (2011) confirmed that both the classical and alternative pathways of testicular androgen production are involved in the formation of normal human male sexual differentiation, whereas another group

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Thomas Nicholson Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Chris Church MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Kostas Tsintzas MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Robert Jones MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Leigh Breen Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Edward T Davis The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Northfield, Birmingham, UK

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David J Baker MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD), Milstein Building, Cambridge, UK

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Simon W Jones Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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.3791/2429 ) Kotani K Tokunaga K Fujioka S Kobatake T Keno Y Yoshida S Shimomura I Tarui S Matsuzawa Y 1994 Sexual dimorphism of age-related-changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

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