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by various growth factors and cytokines. Mundy et al . (1999) first reported that statins stimulate in vivo bone formation in rodents and increase new bone volume in mouse calvaria cell cultures. Statins also stimulate expression of bone anabolic
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can only be maintained when there is a strict temporal control of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Evidence of circadian rhythms in bone Initial studies into the circadian regulation of bone metabolism
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Department of Research, The University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, 114 Woodland Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06105-1299, USA
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(Microm, Richards-Allan Scientific, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) and stained with 0.1% toluidine blue or von Kossa. Static parameters of bone formation and resorption were measured in a defined area between 181 and 1080 μm from the growth plate, using an
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combination of both, we measured markers of bone resorption and bone formation in control and Ocy-PPR cKO mice, as shown in Table 1 . Serum levels of collagen type 1 fragment were indistinguishable between Ocy-PPR cKO and control littermates (PINP
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the onset of menarche, the markers all decline despite the high levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Many studies have investigated markers of bone formation and resorption during childhood (Table 1 ). The changes in bone turnover with age
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target tissue: PTHrP is vital during embryogenesis in regulating bone formation while PTH, possibly the later evolutionary arrival, has as its principal physiological function the mobilization of calcium from bone in the adult as part of its protection of
Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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wildtype (WT) mice. Nevertheless, bone length and cancellous bone microarchitecture, cell measurements of bone formation (osteoblast perimeter), bone resorption (osteoclast perimeter), and marrow adiposity (adipocyte density), and dynamic measurements of
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Introduction Bone is a highly specialized and dynamic tissue that undergoes constant remodeling by balancing bone formation and resorption ( Clarke 2008 , Eriksen 2010 ), processes that are regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts respectively
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insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), that results in impaired bone formation and lower peak bone mass. Conversely, T2DM patients may display increased BMD due to both increased mechanical loading and hyperinsulinaemia; however, both T1DM and T2DM patients
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Mechanism Reference Reduced bone mass Osteoporosis- pseudoglioma syndrome (OPPGS) Reduced bone mass and blindness LRP5 Loss-of-function mutations disrupt Wnt signalling and reduce osteoblastic bone formation. ( Gong et al . 2001
