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David E Henley Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Fiona Buchanan Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Rosemary Gibson Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Jennie A Douthwaite Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Susan A Wood Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Wolfram W Woltersdorf Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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James R Catterall Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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Stafford L Lightman Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK

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'Carroll et al . 2003 ); understanding of the exact role in HPA functioning is only now emerging ( Newson et al . 2009 ) and the 24-h variability in plasma apelin levels in this study did not match the typical cortisol circadian rhythm. We found a reduction

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Junling He Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Yi Ding Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Natalia Nowik Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland

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Charel Jager Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Muhamed N H Eeza Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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A Alia Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Hans J Baelde Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Herman P Spaink Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

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leptin surge and regulation of circadian rhythm of leptin by feeding. Implications for energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function . Journal of Clinical Investigation 101 1020 – 1027 . ( https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI1176 ) Audira G Sarasamma S

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Takahiro Nemoto Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan

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Yoshihiko Kakinuma Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan

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Tamotsu Shibasaki Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan

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, Indredavik et al . 2004 , Raikkonen et al . 2008 , Schendel & Bhasin 2008 ). These disorders are associated with abnormalities of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis such as disturbed circadian rhythm, impaired cortisol suppression by

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Michelle Keramidas Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France

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Caroline Faudot Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France

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Agnès Cibiel Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France

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Jean-Jacques Feige Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France

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Michaël Thomas Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Joseph Fourier, Unité 878, Grenoble, France

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where it affects circadian rhythm, and in the seminiferous tubules of the testis ( Wechselberger et al . 1999 , Melchiorri et al . 2001 , Cheng et al . 2002 , LeCouter et al . 2003 a , b ). Moreover, the distinct patterns of expression of both

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R G P Denis
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C Bing
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S Brocklehurst
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J A Harrold
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R G Vernon
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G Williams
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. Ahima RS & Flier JS 2000 Leptin. Annual Review of Physiology 62 413 –437. Ahima RS , Prabakaran D & Flier JS 1998 Postnatal leptin surge and regulation of circadian rhythm of leptin by feeding. Journal of Clinical

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Daniela Leite de Oliveira Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Camila Hirotsu Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Sergio Tufik Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Monica Levy Andersen Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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circadian rhythms. The absence of light stimulates melatonin production, leading to sleep facilitation. During the daytime, the light stimulus is processed by the retina and sent to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, inhibiting melatonin synthesis and promoting

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Greisa Vila
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Michaela Riedl
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Michael Resl
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Aart Jan van der Lely Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

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Leo J Hofland Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

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Martin Clodi
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Anton Luger
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reproductive functions, and is a classical stress hormone ( Gimpl & Fahrenholz 2001 , Landgraf & Neumann 2004 ). Plasma OXT displays a distinct circadian rhythm and changes during stress response, parturition and lactation, as well as upon pharmacological use

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Julia N C Toews Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Geoffrey L Hammond Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Victor Viau Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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( Table 1 ). In humans, the plasma concentrations of CBG (~500 nM) and cortisol (~50–500 nM over the circadian rhythm) are similar between sexes at all ages ( Robinson et al. 1985 , Russell & Lightman 2019 ). During physical trauma in humans, plasma

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Eduardo Esteban-Zubero Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Francisco Agustín García-Gil Department of Surgery, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Laura López-Pingarrón Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Moisés Alejandro Alatorre-Jiménez Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Pablo Iñigo-Gil Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Dun-Xian Tan Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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José Joaquín García Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Russel J Reiter Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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caspase-3. In addition, a significant reduction in the histological damage of renal tubules was apparent. Another problem observed after kidney transplan­tation is the disturbance in circadian rhythms and sleep–wake cycles including poor sleep quality

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Ferran Jardí Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Michaël R Laurent Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Vanessa Dubois Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Nari Kim Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Rougin Khalil Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Brigitte Decallonne Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Dirk Vanderschueren Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Frank Claessens Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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males is primarily mediated by ERα, though this does not exclude the possibility that ERβ plays a role in modulating the circadian-rhythm patterns of activity, as shown for females ( Royston et al. 2014 ). ‘Non-classical’ ER knock-in (NERKI) mice

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