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Introduction The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) is a gut peptide that is secreted in response to nutrient ingestion. It enhances the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion and also controls blood glucose (BG) via
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Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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tissue and appetite regulation. 5-HT, serotonin; CCK, cholecystokinin; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; INSL5, insulin-like peptide 5; PYY, peptide YY; OXM, oxyntomodulin; BAT, brown adipose tissue; WAT, white
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Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Introduction Incretins, the gut hormones such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), which are secreted from enteroendocrine K-cells and L-cells, respectively, following meal ingestion stimulate
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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
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under investigation for NASH, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have shown a significant promise for the treatment of NAFLD ( Ding et al. 2006 , Blonde & Russell-Jones 2009 , Cusi 2012 , Armstrong et al. 2013 , 2016 a , b
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pancreatic ductal cells. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is an intestinal insulinotropic hormone that is secreted from L-cells of the distal ileum and colon ( Drucker 1998 ). GLP1 administration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can decrease their
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain
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Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and HPA axis crosstalk In the rat brain, GLP-1 is synthesized by non-catecholaminergic neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and in the reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata ( Larsen et al. 1997 ). The
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BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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, glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide 2; INSL5, insulin-like peptide 5; PYY, peptide YY. While the role of the intestine in regulating food intake and glucose homeostasis is well documented, the gut microbiota is also now
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stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and reduce excessive secretion of glucagon by pancreatic α-cells, thus improving two important defects of T2DM ( Holst et al . 2008 ). Of the two currently known incretins, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1
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the penultimate L -proline or L -alanine at the N-terminus of several polypeptides, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP–1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; De Meester et al . 2000 ). The major incretin hormones, GLP–1 and GIP
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, characterised by Creutzfeldt in 1979, are peptide hormones secreted in the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrients that potentiate the glucose-dependent secretion of insulin. The primary incretins include glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), secreted mainly