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Jacob Jelsing
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Niels Vrang
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Søren B van Witteloostuijn
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Michael Mark Gubra ApS, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Agern Alle 1, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark

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Thomas Klein Gubra ApS, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Agern Alle 1, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark

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Introduction The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) is a gut peptide that is secreted in response to nutrient ingestion. It enhances the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion and also controls blood glucose (BG) via

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Alyce M Martin College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Emily W Sun College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Damien J Keating College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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tissue and appetite regulation. 5-HT, serotonin; CCK, cholecystokinin; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; INSL5, insulin-like peptide 5; PYY, peptide YY; OXM, oxyntomodulin; BAT, brown adipose tissue; WAT, white

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Hidetada Ogata Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Yusuke Seino Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Norio Harada Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Atsushi Iida Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Kazuyo Suzuki Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Takako Izumoto Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Kota Ishikawa Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Eita Uenishi Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Nobuaki Ozaki Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Yoshitaka Hayashi Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Takashi Miki Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Nobuya Inagaki Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Shin Tsunekawa Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Yoji Hamada Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Susumu Seino Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Yutaka Oiso Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Center of Health, Division of Stress Adaptation and Recognition, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan

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Introduction Incretins, the gut hormones such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), which are secreted from enteroendocrine K-cells and L-cells, respectively, following meal ingestion stimulate

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Srilaxmi Kalavalapalli Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Fernando Bril Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Joy Guingab Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Ariana Vergara Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Timothy J Garrett Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Nishanth E Sunny Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

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Kenneth Cusi Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA

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under investigation for NASH, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have shown a significant promise for the treatment of NAFLD ( Ding et al. 2006 , Blonde & Russell-Jones 2009 , Cusi 2012 , Armstrong et al. 2013 , 2016 a , b

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Hyo-Sup Kim
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Seung-Hyun Hong Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Samsung Medical Center, #50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Seung-Hoon Oh
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Jae-Hyeon Kim
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Myung-Shik Lee
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Moon-Kyu Lee
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pancreatic ductal cells. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is an intestinal insulinotropic hormone that is secreted from L-cells of the distal ileum and colon ( Drucker 1998 ). GLP1 administration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can decrease their

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Yolanda Diz-Chaves Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Manuel Gil-Lozano Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Laura Toba Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Juan Fandiño Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Hugo Ogando Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Lucas C González-Matías Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Federico Mallo Laboratory of Endocrinology, Center for Biomedical Research – CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur – IISGS, Vigo, Spain

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Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and HPA axis crosstalk In the rat brain, GLP-1 is synthesized by non-catecholaminergic neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and in the reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata ( Larsen et al. 1997 ). The

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Rachel K Meyer School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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Frank A Duca School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

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, glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide 2; INSL5, insulin-like peptide 5; PYY, peptide YY. While the role of the intestine in regulating food intake and glucose homeostasis is well documented, the gut microbiota is also now

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Martin Haluzik Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and reduce excessive secretion of glucagon by pancreatic α-cells, thus improving two important defects of T2DM ( Holst et al . 2008 ). Of the two currently known incretins, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1

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Yasushi Kirino Clinical Pharmacy, Departments of

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Youichi Sato Clinical Pharmacy, Departments of

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Takayuki Kamimoto Clinical Pharmacy, Departments of

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Kazuyoshi Kawazoe Clinical Pharmacy, Departments of

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Kazuo Minakuchi Clinical Pharmacy, Departments of

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Yutaka Nakahori Clinical Pharmacy, Departments of

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the penultimate L -proline or L -alanine at the N-terminus of several polypeptides, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP–1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; De Meester et al . 2000 ). The major incretin hormones, GLP–1 and GIP

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Affiong Ika Oqua Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Yusman Manchanda Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Emma Rose McGlone Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Ben Jones Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Sarah Rouse Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK

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Alejandra Tomas Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK

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, characterised by Creutzfeldt in 1979, are peptide hormones secreted in the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrients that potentiate the glucose-dependent secretion of insulin. The primary incretins include glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), secreted mainly

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