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Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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( Barker et al. 1989 , Barker 1995 ). We now know the importance of the prenatal environment in determining risk for CVD throughout life via a process known as fetal programming ( Barker & Osmond 1988 , Gluckman et al. 2008 ). There is increasing
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et al . 1993 ). Furthermore, the altered left ventricular hypertrophy was transmitted to the F2 offspring in rats, indicating transgenerational programming effects of IUGR ( Master et al . 2014 ). Left ventricular hypertrophy in adulthood is also
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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diseases have their origins in utero , but that they are programmed through different environmental influences (which may include not only fetal growth restriction, but also limited food supply). There were effects of prenatal famine exposure in the
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according to the so-called predictive adaptive hypothesis can be explained by the programming/adaptation of the metabolic and endocrine functions of the foetus to make it prepared to be born into a world with stressful conditions and scarcity of food
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hyperglycemia on pancreatic islets of offspring, uncovering a primary mechanism of offspring pancreatic islet programming. We hypothesize that maternal hyperglycemia alters the offspring pancreatic islet transcriptome, consequently conferring increased offspring
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2004 ). One chemistry program at Searle was originally focused on ‘cardioregulatory agents specifically for treating cardiac arrhythmias’ ( Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2009 ), probably based on the attempt to combine parts of the steroidal structures of
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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one of the most promising targets. This class of immunotherapy aims to augment the patient’s antitumor immune response by blocking immune checkpoint molecules. One such molecule is programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which normally functions to
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disturbing trend. The hormonal milieu of pregnancy has an extremely important role in programming the developmental events in the fetus that control metabolic function after birth in the offspring ( Hoffman et al. 2021 ). Thus, circumstances in which the
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in a predisposition to metabolic and endocrine disease in adulthood ( Barker 1990 , Lucas 1991 , Barker et al . 1993 ). In humans and animals, perinatal programming may contribute to inappropriate insulin sensitivity by affecting glucose and lipid
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Girona ‘Dr Josep Trueta’, Institut D’investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) and University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Department of Clinical Science, KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Girona ‘Dr Josep Trueta’, Institut D’investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi) and University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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action of T 3 targets one particular hypothalamic nucleus, the VMH. Indeed, stereotaxic administration of the hormone into the ARC (a neighboring nucleus) did not recapitulate the effects on the browning program induced by T 3 within the VMH