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M Fraenkel Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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J Caloyeras Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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S-G Ren Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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S Melmed Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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-cell proliferation and an inability to expand islet cell mass with aging. Diabetes onset is accompanied by loss of fat tissue. In contrast, pttg −/− female mice rarely develop diabetes before 1 year of age and the incidence of diabetes in older pttg -null females

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Yoko Yagishita Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Akira Uruno Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
Tohoku Medical-Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

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Dionysios V Chartoumpekis Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Thomas W Kensler Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Masayuki Yamamoto Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
Tohoku Medical-Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

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Introduction Type 1 diabetes is caused by destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, and its incidence is increasing in the modern world ( Tuomilehto 2013 ). Protecting β-cells from inflammation and destruction is an

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Bethany P Cummings
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Ahmed Bettaieb Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

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James L Graham Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

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Kimber Stanhope Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

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Fawaz G Haj Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

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Peter J Havel Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T7 022A Veterinary Research Tower (Box 17), Ithaca, New York 14850, USA

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Introduction The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is steadily rising with approximately one in ten adults affected in industrialized countries ( Danaei et al . 2011 ), necessitating the advent of more effective therapeutic strategies for the

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Chun Zeng Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Xin Yi Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Danny Zipris Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Hongli Liu Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Lin Zhang Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Qiaoyun Zheng Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Krishnamurthy Malathi Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Ge Jin Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Aimin Zhou Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA
Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA
Clinical Chemistry Program, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Department of Cancer Biology, Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, Central Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, SI 424, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA

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Introduction The etiology of diabetes continues to be a focus of investigation. Both genetic and environmental factors such as toxins, viruses, and diets are believed to play an important role in its pathogenesis ( Mathis et al . 2001 ). A

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Rosalia C M Simmen Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Dustin M Brown Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Charles M Quick Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Iad Alhallak Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Tyler Rose Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Shi J Liu Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA

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Angela S Kelley Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease, resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, which leads to a state of hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. In 2015, 1

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Bernadette M Trojanowski Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Heba H Salem Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

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Heike Neubauer Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany

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Eric Simon Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany

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Martin Wagner Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Rajkumar Dorajoo Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore

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Bernhard O Boehm Lee Kong Chiang School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Imperial College London, London, UK

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Leticia Labriola Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thomas Wirth Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Bernd Baumann Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Introduction Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a clinically heterogeneous form of diabetes that is inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern and in general, affected families have a history of diabetes over several generations

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Haijiang Wu Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China

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Xinna Deng Departments of Oncology & Immunotherapy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China

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Yonghong Shi Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China

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Ye Su Mathew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Jinying Wei Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China

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Huijun Duan Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic isorder characterized by hyperglycemia in the context of insulin resistance (IR) and insulin secretion deficiency due to β-cell dysfunction. The global prevalence of T2DM is

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Sheree D Martin Metabolic Reprogramming Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

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Sean L McGee Metabolic Reprogramming Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

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2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer ( Eyre et al . 2004 ). While common molecular mechanisms are only just beginning to emerge, there has been a wealth of epidemiological data describing the overlap between many of the diseases. Among this

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Jung Han Kim Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Taryn P Stewart Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Morvarid Soltani-Bejnood Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Luan Wang Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Jennifer M Fortuna Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Ola A Mostafa Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Naima Moustaid-Moussa Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Ahmed M Shoieb Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Michael F McEntee Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Yun Wang Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Lawrence Bechtel Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Jürgen K Naggert Departments of Nutrition and,
Pathobiology, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 229, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1920, USA
The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

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Introduction The prevalence of diabetes is growing worldwide and it is estimated that 366 million people will be affected by the year 2030 (171 million in the year 2000; Wild et al. 2004 ). Diabetes is associated with an increased

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Mina Elahy
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Swati Baindur-Hudson
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Vinicius F Cruzat College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia

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Philip Newsholme College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia

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Crispin R Dass College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
College of Health and Biomedicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Pharmacy, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia

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most devastating acquired vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, is responsible for affecting overall life quality worldwide. It has been estimated that the number of Americans suffering from DR will be 16 million by 2050 ( Milne & Brownstein 2013

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