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Mathias V Schmidt Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Claudia Liebl Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Vera Sterlemann Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Karin Ganea Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Jakob Hartmann Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Daniela Harbich Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Stephanie Alam Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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Marianne B Müller Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, RG Molecular Stress Physiology, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany

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induce a peripheral corticosterone response ( Levine et al . 2000 ). However, a variety of severe or prolonged stressors disrupt the quiescence of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis during this time of development ( Schoenfeld et al . 1980

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D S Gardner Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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B W M Van Bon Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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J Dandrea Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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P J Goddard Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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S F May Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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V Wilson Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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T Stephenson Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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M E Symonds Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Science,
Human Development and
Nursing, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK

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2001 ) and reduced with early to mid-gestation undernutrition ( Bispham et al. 2003 ). Interestingly, periconceptional under-nutrition has been shown to markedly activate fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity in late gestation

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T M Lovell School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, UK

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P G Knight School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, UK

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R T Gladwell School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AJ, UK

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Introduction The regulation of anterior pituitary function is achieved through the balance of central, local and endocrine signals. Gonadotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland produce both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle

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P. G. SALUJA
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J. M. HAMILTON
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M. GRONOW
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SUMMARY

The prolactin concentration in the dog pituitary gland was determined by isoelectric focusing of adenohypophysial extract in polyacrylamide gels followed by densitometry of the isolated stained hormone band. Dogs of both sexes and various ages (excluding newborn pups and weanlings) were studied. The bitches comprised animals at different stages of the oestrous cycle and also included a small number of pregnant, lactating or ovariectomized animals.

Low pituitary prolactin concentrations were found in males, sexually immature females and dioestrous females. Concentrations about 1·5 times as high occurred in oestrous, metoestrous (luteal) and ovariectomized females. Post-partum lactating bitches had the highest pituitary prolactin concentrations, these being double those occurring at dioestrus. With the exception of relatively high concentrations in ovariectomized bitches, these results are in good agreement with findings in the rat, mouse and rabbit. The persistence of high pituitary prolactin levels throughout metoestrus was believed to be associated with differences between the canine and murine reproductive cycle. Age did not influence pituitary prolactin levels in either males or females.

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C Suarez
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I Garcia Tornadu
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W Khalil
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D Becu-Villalobos
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The physiological importance of and therapeutic interest in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been predominantly in relation to its action as an inhibitor of the promotion and progression of several kinds of tumours, including those of breast, prostate, lung, colon, liver and skin tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of DHEA in diethylstilboestrol (DES)-induced pituitary hyperplasia. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four treatment groups: DES (implanted s.c. with a 20 mg DES pellet), DHEA (two 50 mg DHEA pellets), DHEA/DES (both DHEA and DES pellets), and controls (not implanted). Every week, all rats were weighed and cycled, and jugular blood samples were obtained. After 7 weeks, rats were killed. Hypophyses were removed and weighed, and serum prolactin, GH, IGF-I and leptin levels were assayed by RIA. DHEA cotreatment reduced pituitary enlargement by 39% in DES-treated rats. It also reduced the hyperprolactinaemia (280.4+/-43.6 ng/ml for DHEA/DES vs 823.5+/- 127.1 ng/ml for DES) and partially reversed the loss of body weight induced by DES. DHEA treatment did not modify the effects of DES on serum GH, IGF-I and leptin levels. But DHEA per se also increased pituitary weight and induced hyperprolactinaemia, although to a lesser degree than DES. We conclude that DHEA administration has beneficial effects on oestrogen-induced pituitary hyperplasia and hyperprolactinaemia, but the fact that DHEA per se also induces diverse hormonal effects and a slight pituitary enlargement limits its use as a possible therapeutic drug.

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Iain R Thompson Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Annisa N Chand Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Kim C Jonas Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Jacky M Burrin Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Mark E Steinhelper Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Caroline P Wheeler-Jones Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Craig A McArdle Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Robert C Fowkes Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
Endocrine Signalling Group, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Inflammation Group, Laboratory for Integrated Neurosciences and Endocrinology, Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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lethality ( Chusho et al . 2001 ), but investigation of their neuroendocrine tissues has not been reported. Early studies characterising the expression profile of CNP suggested that the CNS and anterior pituitary are rich sources of CNP ( Sudoh et al

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Harleen Kaur Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Beverly S Muhlhausler Food and Nutrition Research Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide, Australia

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Pamela Su-Lin Sim Food and Nutrition Research Group, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Amanda J Page Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia

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Hui Li Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia

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Maria Nunez-Salces Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia

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Georgia S Clarke Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia

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Lili Huang School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Rebecca L Wilson Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Johannes D Veldhuis Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Claire T Roberts Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Kathryn L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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progressively suppresses pulsatile pituitary secretion from mid-pregnancy onwards ( Eriksson et al . 1989 ). Although the placentas of most other mammalian species, including rodents, do not produce GH ( Papper et al . 2009 ), circulating GH does increase

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W. M. Bennet
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S. F. Hill
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M. A. Ghatei
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S. R. Bloom
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ABSTRACT

Galanin-like immunoreactivity (IR) was measured by radioimmunoassay in extracts of non-tumorous and tumorous human pituitaries and in multiple sites in the human brain. Galanin-IR was present in considerable quantities in the non-tumorous pituitaries (21·4±1·2 pmol/g wet weight; mean ± s.e.m., n = 30). In 25 pituitary tumours, galanin-IR was detectable in extracts of only nine, with a mean concentration of 11·5±4·4 pmol/g. Galanin-IR was undetectable in the remaining 16. Of ten brain sites, galanin-IR was detected only in the hypothalamus, where the concentration was 9·1±1·8 pmol/g (n = 5). On fast protein liquid chromatography of the non-tumorous pituitary extracts, galanin-IR mostly eluted in a peak with a retention time similar to that of synthetic porcine galanin. On gel permeation chromatography, galanin-IR eluted as a peak with an elution coefficient (K av) of 0·72, also similar to that of porcine galanin, with additional preceding (K av 0·62) and following (K av 0·77) peaks of galanin-IR. These results show that healthy human pituitary and hypothalamus contain substantial amounts of galanin, whereas it is present in variable amounts or not at all in pituitary tumours. Chromatographic analysis suggests that pituitary galanin is present in three molecular forms, with the majority corresponding to synthetic porcine galanin.

Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 463–467

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W. B. WATKINS
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The polypeptide hormones of the posterior pituitary gland, oxytocin and vasopressin, can be precipitated out of solution by the addition of sodium chloride to an extract of the gland. The hormones are salted-out complexed to the soluble proteins known as neurophysins and this protein-hormone complex has been found to possess the pressor and oxytocic activities in ratios similar to those found in the fresh gland (van Dyke, Chow, Greep & Rothen 1942). Neurophysins have been isolated from the pig (Uttenthal & Hope, 1970), ox (Rauch, Hollenberg & Hope, 1969) and cod (Pickering, 1968). In the present paper the proteins precipitated from the posterior lobe of the human pituitary gland were investigated by gel exclusion chromatography and starch gel electrophoresis, and their ability to bind oxytocin and vasopressin was determined.

Acetone-dried posterior pituitary lobes (2·4 g) were extracted for 24 h at 4 °C in 0·1 m-hydrochloric acid (100 ml),

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N. G. B. McLETCHIE
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Since Cushing [1932] described the syndrome of pituitary basophilism (Cushing's syndrome) many cases of the condition have been published. The syndrome is characterized by an obesity sparing the limbs, by marked hypertension, glycosuria and hyperglycaemia, osteoporosis, characteristic cutaneous striae, polycythaemia, amenorrhoea and hypertrichosis in the female, impotence in the male, asthenia and diminished resistance to infection [Cohen & Dible, 1936]. Pathological findings in the condition have been very varied in cases which have been clinically indistinguishable (see Crooke's [1935] series). By 1936 the following abnormalities had been described: basophil adenoma and basophilia (relative increase of pituitary basophil cells); adreno-cortical hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma; and thymic carcinoma associated with adreno-cortical hyperplasia. In a few cases neither adreno-cortical, thymic, nor anterior pituitary tumours were recorded [Oppenheimer, Globus, Silver & Shaskin, 1935; Freyberg, Barker, Newburgh & Coller, 1936; Crooke, 1935; Cohen & Dible, 1936].

It seemed remarkable that such diverse pathological findings should be

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