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Robert Opitz Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10115 Berlin, Germany

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Achim Trubiroha Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10115 Berlin, Germany

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Claudia Lorenz Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10115 Berlin, Germany

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Ilka Lutz Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10115 Berlin, Germany

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Sabine Hartmann Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10115 Berlin, Germany

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Tobias Blank Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10115 Berlin, Germany

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Thomas Braunbeck Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10115 Berlin, Germany

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Werner Kloas Department of Inland Fisheries, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Department of Zoology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, D-10115 Berlin, Germany

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( Saito et al. 1997 a , Ohno et al. 1999 , Trapasso et al. 1999 ). Three different transcription factors, including the paired box gene Pax8, the homeo-domain-containing protein Nkx2.1 (also called TTF-1 for thyroid transcription factor 1) and the

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A V Sirotkin
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P Sanislo
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H-J Schaeffer
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I Florkovičová
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J Kotwica
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J Bulla
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L Hetényi
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associated with proliferation (PCNA), apoptosis (Bax), TK (phosphotyrosine), Cdc2/p34, PKA and PKA-activated transcription factor (CREB-1) in cultured porcine ovarian cells. We also investigated how TPO influences the secretion of progesterone

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Birgitte N Friedrichsen Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Islet Discovery Research, Krogshoejvej 31, 9R2.28, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nicole Neubauer Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Islet Discovery Research, Krogshoejvej 31, 9R2.28, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ying C Lee Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Islet Discovery Research, Krogshoejvej 31, 9R2.28, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Vivian K Gram Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Islet Discovery Research, Krogshoejvej 31, 9R2.28, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Blume Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Islet Discovery Research, Krogshoejvej 31, 9R2.28, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jacob S Petersen Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Islet Discovery Research, Krogshoejvej 31, 9R2.28, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens H Nielsen Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Islet Discovery Research, Krogshoejvej 31, 9R2.28, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Annette Møldrup Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of Islet Discovery Research, Krogshoejvej 31, 9R2.28, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
The University of Copenhagen, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Copenhagen, Denmark

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-binding activity of the transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 (PDX-1), has been suggested to play a role in GLP-1 induced DNA-synthesis and regulation of both the insulin gene and genes encoding metabolic enzymes ( Buteau et al. 1999 ). In

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Anna Milanesi Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Urology, Maxime Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8631 West 3rd Street, Suite 800 East, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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Jang-Won Lee Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Urology, Maxime Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8631 West 3rd Street, Suite 800 East, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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Qijin Xu Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Urology, Maxime Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8631 West 3rd Street, Suite 800 East, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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Laura Perin Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Urology, Maxime Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8631 West 3rd Street, Suite 800 East, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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John S Yu Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Urology, Maxime Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8631 West 3rd Street, Suite 800 East, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA

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differentiate into pancreatic, exocrine, ductal and endocrine cells in culture. A recent publication showed that suppression of nestin expression in embryonic stem cells by gene silencing reduced endodermal and pancreatic transcription factor expression ( Kim

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C G Walker Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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M C Sugden Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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G F Gibbons Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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M J Holness Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK
Metabolic Research Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ ( Guan et al. 2002 , Picard & Auwerx 2002 , Tordjman et al. 2003 , Li et al. 2005 ), a lipogenic transcription factor. Contrasting with the role of PPARγ, PPARα acts as a

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Lei Zhang School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Carol Paddon School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Mark D Lewis School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Fiona Grennan-Jones School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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Marian Ludgate School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK

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-Akt (1:1000, room temperature, 1 h, Santa Cruz); and anti phospho-SYK (Tyr 352, 1:5000, overnight, 4 °C, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). To investigate transcription factors, rabbit antibodies to phospho-PPARγ (Ser 82, 1:1000 overnight, 4 °C, Upstate

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Nadia Schoenmakers University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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Kyriaki S Alatzoglou University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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V Krishna Chatterjee University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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Mehul T Dattani University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Level 4, PO Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

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) ( Garcia et al . 2014 ). Alternatively, as normal pituitary development depends on the sequential temporal and spatial expression of a cascade of signaling molecules and transcription factors, mutations in early ( HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, SOX3, OTX2 ) or late

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Kenshiro Shikano Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan

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Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Takaya Saito Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Yuki Narimatsu Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Atsuki Kadota Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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Megumi Furumitsu Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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George E Bentley Department of Integrative Biology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

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Lance J Kriegsfeld Department of Psychology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

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Kazuyoshi Ukena Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan

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, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), an inflammatory cytokine, also increased in addition to SCD1 and CPT1a ( Fig. 3B ). In the liver, carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein α (ChREBPα), a lipogenic transcription factor, GAPDH, solute carrier

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L Gómez-García Research Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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F M Sánchez Research Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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M T Vallejo-Cremades Research Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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I A Gómez de Segura Research Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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E De Miguel del Campo Research Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain

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, Misiti et al. 2000 ). In fact, the telomerase activity in telomerase-negative cells can be restored by ectopic human TERT expression ( Bodnar et al. 1998 ), which suggests that in certain cases, TERT is the only limiting factor for telomerase

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Elika Missaghian Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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Petra Kempná Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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Bernhard Dick Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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Andrea Hirsch Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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Rasoul Alikhani-Koupaei Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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Bernard Jégou Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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Primus E Mullis Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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Brigitte M Frey Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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Christa E Flück Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inserm, University Children's Hospital Bern

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blocking gene transcription. In addition, DNA methylation may block the expression of specific genes by silencing essential transcription factors ( Fluck & Miller 2004 ). DNA methylation has been shown to regulate steroidogenesis. Changes in methylation

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