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SUMMARY
The pars intermedia of the rat pituitary contains a peptide resembling the 18–39 portion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which has been termed 'corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide' (CLIP). It can be detected by its cross-reaction with an antiserum directed against the CO2H-terminal portion of the ACTH molecule; it has an amino acid composition identical to the 18–39 portion of human ACTH, except for one less glycine and an extra valine residue, and it is rapidly released from neurointermediate lobes maintained in organ culture. The pars intermedia also contains a peptide with an amino acid composition and biological potency identical to that of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) isolated from other mammals, and which accounts for the bulk of melanocyte-stimulating activity in the pituitary. Rat ACTH resembles human ACTH in amino acid composition, except for an extra valine and one less glycine residue. On the basis of these data it is proposed that ACTH is the precursor of α-MSH and CLIP, which are both present in the cells of the pars intermedia.
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SUMMARY
Some characteristics of the pancreas of the rat relevant to the assay of secretin are described, including mean basal flow rate and output of bicarbonate, minute-by-minute changes in rate of flow after different doses of secretin, dose—response relationships, and quantitative differences between the sexes. The coefficient of variation for a single determination of secretin was found to be 15·6%.
Highly active secretin had no ecbolic effect, but pure cholecystokininpancreozymin (CCK-PZ) had a strong hydrelatic action. It is therefore formally impossible to assay secretin accurately in the presence of unknown amounts of CCK-PZ. This limitation applied to the cat also. Possible remedies are discussed.
Crude preparations of secretin hydrochloride of very low potency which have been used as standards since 1955 appear to have suffered no loss of activity over several years. The value of the Hammarsten Cat Unit and of the Clinical Unit which is based on it seems to be substantially different in 1967, compared with earlier values, when assayed in the rat.
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Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy
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Dipartimento di Biologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova 16132, Italy
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metabolic pathways. Subsequent in vitro experiments using primary rat hepatocytes overloaded with lipids demonstrated that T 2 and T 3 were able to directly reduce the excess fat ( Grasselli et al . 2011 ). However, whether these effects were mediated
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expression or function of other transcription factors, which in turn alter the transcription of other genes ( Sun et al. 1998 a , 1998 b , 1999 , Almon et al. 2002 , Rosmond 2003 ). In the present study we used the rat model for corticosteroid
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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/catenin-based AJs and the Sertoli cell-specific ES junction, containing actin and espin, in immature rat Sertoli cells in vitro , and in adult rats in vivo . The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunised rodent model was chosen, as it is analogous to
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DIPTERIS, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
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DIPTERIS, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche ed Ambientali, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
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( Grasselli et al . 2010 ) showed that, in rat hepatocytes, lipid overload was associated with altered expression of three PAT proteins: the adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP, also called PLIN2), the oxidative tissue-enriched PAT protein (OXPAT
School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Fu‐Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan, Republic of China
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School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Fu‐Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan, Republic of China
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phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in rat cardiac fibroblasts ( Chen et al . 2008 ). Moreover, it is now well established that UII levels are significantly increased in
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Neither expression nor functionality is clear in peripheral tissues with the molecular machineries required for excitatory neurotransmitter signaling by L-glutamate (Glu) in the central nervous system, while a recent study has shown that several Glu receptors are functionally expressed in the rat testis. This fact prompted us to explore the possible functional expression in the rat testis of the Glu transporters usually responsible for the regulation of extracellular Glu concentrations in the brain. RT-PCR revealed the expression, in the rat testis, of mRNA for five different subtypes of Glu transporters, in addition to that for particular subtypes of ionotropic and metabotropic Glu receptors. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) was different in the brain from that in the testis in terms of molecular sizes on Northern and Western blot analyses. In situ hybridization as well as immunohistochemical analysis showed localized expression of glutamate aspartate transporter at interstitial spaces and GLT-1 at elongated spermatids in the rat testis respectively. The expression of mRNA was localized for excitatory amino acid transporter-5 at the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule in the rat testis. [(3)H]Glu was accumulated in testicular crude mitochondrial fractions in a temperature- and sodium-dependent saturable manner with pharmacological profiles similar to those shown in brain crude mitochondrial fractions. These results suggested that particular subtypes of central Glu transporters for the regulation of extracellular Glu concentrations in the rat testis could be constitutively and functionally expressed.
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ABSTRACT
It has been suggested that melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) possesses potent corticotrophin (ACTH) inhibitory activity, on the basis of the inhibitory effects displayed by salmon MCH on ACTH release from either trout or rat isolated pituitary fragments. Recently, rat MCH has been characterised, and this prompted us to investigate the putative inhibitory activity of synthetic rat MCH on basal and stimulated ACTH secretion from freshly-dispersed rat pituitary cells or incubated rat pituitary fragments, as well on KCl (28 mmol/l) or noradrenaline-evoked release of corticotrophin releasing hormone-41 (CRH-41) from rat hypothalamic explants in vitro. There were no effects of rat MCH on either CRH-41 or ACTH release in vitro.
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previous study have confirmed that perinatal exposure to BPA resulted in a higher body weight and body fat percentage, a greater mass of white adipocytes, hyperlipidemia, hyperleptinemia, and insulin intolerance in adult rat offspring ( Wei et al . 2011
